From GPS to AI: A comprehensive review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) localization solutions

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology has undergone significant advances, revolutionizing aerial operations in various sectors by offering adaptability, cost-effectiveness, mobility, and rapid deployment capabilities. Effective UAV navigation depends on several critical factors, with localization being paramount. This study presents a detailed taxonomy of existing UAV localization solutions, which are classified and thoroughly examined in terms of architectural design, technologies employed, data used, applications, performance, and their respective advantages and limitations. This article offers a more comprehensive and up-to-date review of UAV localization solutions and challenges, incorporating solutions from satellite, radio, vision, inertial, lidar, magnetic, acoustic, ultrasonic, and deep learning technologies, exceeding the scope of related surveys. Furthermore, the study explores the essential datasets crucial for UAV localization research, providing detailed information on their specifications and characteristics. By synthesizing all the information, the article highlights existing challenges and potential avenues for future research to advance UAV localization techniques and enhance comprehension of their efficacy across various operational scenarios.