Leveraging open-source large language models for clinical information extraction in resource-constrained settings.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the zero-shot performance of open-source generative large language models (LLMs) on clinical information extraction from Dutch medical reports using the Diagnostic Report Analysis: General Optimization of NLP (DRAGON) benchmark.

Methods: We developed and released the llm_extractinator framework, a scalable, open-source tool for automating information extraction from clinical texts using LLMs. We evaluated 9 multilingual open-source LLMs across 28 tasks in the DRAGON benchmark, covering classification, regression, and named entity recognition (NER). All tasks were performed in a zero-shot setting. Model performance was quantified using task-specific metrics and aggregated into a DRAGON utility score. Additionally, we investigated the effect of in-context translation to English.

Results: Llama-3.3-70B achieved the highest utility score (0.760), followed by Phi-4-14B (0.751), Qwen-2.5-14B (0.748), and DeepSeek-R1-14B (0.744). These models outperformed or matched a fine-tuned RoBERTa baseline on 17 of 28 tasks, particularly in regression and structured classification. NER performance was consistently low across all models. Translation to English consistently reduced performance.

Discussion: Generative LLMs demonstrated strong zero-shot capabilities on clinical natural language processing tasks involving structured inference. Models around 14B parameters performed well overall, with Llama-3.3-70B leading but at high computational cost. Generative models excelled in regression tasks, but were hindered by token-level output formats for NER. Translation to English reduced performance, emphasizing the need for native language support.

Conclusion: Open-source generative LLMs provide a viable zero-shot alternative for clinical information extraction from Dutch medical texts, particularly in low-resource and multilingual settings.