Xiao-Yu Wei, Hui-Jing Feng, Ying-Yin Zhu, Shi-Jing Guo, Hong Wang, Ming Li, Qi Mei
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The immune microenvironment of pathogen-associated cancers and current clinical therapeutics
Pathogen-associated cancers account roughly 15–20% of all malignancies worldwide and arise from chronic infections by oncogenic viruses, bacteria and parasites. Pathogens can alter the tumor microenvironment (TME) into an immune-suppressive niche using multiple mechanisms, including immune checkpoint manipulation, chronic inflammation, metabolic reprogramming, and direct epigenetic modifications. Immune dysfunctions related to infections linked to cancers can include M2-polarized macrophages, expansion of MDSCs, exhausted T/NK cells, and tolerogenic dendritic cells, all progressing immune evasion and resistance to cancer therapy. Advances in therapeutics exist in prophylactic vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and next-generation methods such as the engineered Salmonella to deliver to hypoxic tumors and the targeting the microbiome. The advancement of pathogen-, cancer-, and patient-specific therapeutics is not without its challenges, including heterogeneity of the pathogens, absence of clinically useful biomarkers, concerns about the safety of the restoring anti-pathogen immunity and challenges of scale for manifold interventions. This review will provide a synthesis of the mechanistic aspects of pathogen-mediated TME remodeling, contemporary clinical therapeutics, and ongoing investigations into using pathogen/host dynamics to enhance measurable precision immunotherapy strategies.
期刊介绍:
Molecular Cancer is a platform that encourages the exchange of ideas and discoveries in the field of cancer research, particularly focusing on the molecular aspects. Our goal is to facilitate discussions and provide insights into various areas of cancer and related biomedical science. We welcome articles from basic, translational, and clinical research that contribute to the advancement of understanding, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.
The scope of topics covered in Molecular Cancer is diverse and inclusive. These include, but are not limited to, cell and tumor biology, angiogenesis, utilizing animal models, understanding metastasis, exploring cancer antigens and the immune response, investigating cellular signaling and molecular biology, examining epidemiology, genetic and molecular profiling of cancer, identifying molecular targets, studying cancer stem cells, exploring DNA damage and repair mechanisms, analyzing cell cycle regulation, investigating apoptosis, exploring molecular virology, and evaluating vaccine and antibody-based cancer therapies.
Molecular Cancer serves as an important platform for sharing exciting discoveries in cancer-related research. It offers an unparalleled opportunity to communicate information to both specialists and the general public. The online presence of Molecular Cancer enables immediate publication of accepted articles and facilitates the presentation of large datasets and supplementary information. This ensures that new research is efficiently and rapidly disseminated to the scientific community.