Celia María Curieses Andrés, Fernando Lobo, José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra, Elena Bustamante Munguira, Celia Andrés Juan, Eduardo Pérez Lebeña
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Reactive Sulfur Species and Protein Persulfidation: An Emerging Redox Axis in Human Health and Disease.
Reactive sulfur species (RSS)-hydrogen sulfide (H2S), low-molecular-weight persulfides/polysulfides and protein persulfidation-constitute a third redox axis alongside ROS and RNS. Nanomolar H2S, produced by trans-sulfuration (CBS/CSE) and 3-MST, is oxidized by sulfide-quinone reductase to persulfides that fuel the respiratory chain while curbing superoxide. Reversible persulfidation reprograms cysteine sensors in metabolism (GAPDH), inflammation (NLRP3, p47phox) and transcription (Keap1/NRF2), linking RSS to energy balance, vasodilation, innate immunity and neuroplasticity. Disrupted sulfur signaling-deficit or overload-contributes to heart failure, sarcopenia, neurodegeneration, cancer and post-COVID syndromes. Therapeutically, slow-release donors (SG1002, GYY4137), mitochondria-targeted vectors (AP39), photo- or thiol-activated "smart" scaffolds, diet-derived polysulfides/isothiocyanates and microbiota engineering aim to restore the protective RSS window. Key challenges are a narrow therapeutic margin and real-time quantification of persulfide fluxes. Harnessing RSS therefore offers a route to rebalance redox homeostasis across diverse chronic diseases.
期刊介绍：
Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) is a peer-reviewed journal publishing review articles and minireviews in all areas of molecular biology and microbiology. Submitted articles are subject to an Article Processing Charge (APC) and are open access immediately upon publication. All manuscripts undergo a peer-review process.
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