An updated review on phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Portulaca oleracea L.

Portulaca oleracea L., commonly known as purslane or pigweed, is a fleshy, drought-resistant weed belonging to the family Portulacaceae. It grows worldwide, including regions such as Asia, Europe, China, the Mediterranean, Japan, the U.S., Africa, and Australia. P. oleracea leaves have long been used in traditional cuisine, eaten as a steamed green, added to pickles, tossed in salads, or used to thicken soups. Rich in essential nutrients, this plant is especially valued for its abundant omega-3 fatty acids, which play a vital role in growth, development, and protection against diseases. It also contains diverse bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, carotenoids, monoterpene glycosides, phenolic glycosides, triterpenoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes. These bioactive compounds give P. oleracea its diverse medicinal benefits, including antioxidant, heart protective, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, blood-thinning, glucose regulating and antimicrobial effects. Recent research has also explored using P. oleracea extracts to produce biogenic metallic nanoparticles, opening new possibilities in photocatalysis and advanced medical nanotechnology. This review comprehensively summarizes the updated phytochemical profile and pharmacological activities of purslane extracts, linking traditional knowledge with cutting-edge applications with emphasizing its role as a vital resource for human health.