Impact of Surface Modification and Size of Detonation Nanodiamond and Its Agglomerates on Embryonic Stage of Danio rerio (Zebrafish) and Madin-Darby Canine Kidney and Vero Cell Cultures

In the use of materials containing nanodiamonds, particles and their agglomerates can enter the environment and affect the development of cells of living organisms. Therefore, it was interesting to evaluate the influence of surface modification of detonation nanodiamonds on their interaction with biological objects. The detonation nanodiamonds were graphitised, chlorinated and aminated, and thoroughly investigated. The application of a complex of research methods of scanning electron microscopy SEM + EDX, IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) allowed to reveal the peculiarities of physical chemistry of DND surface. It was found that during chlorination of DND the concentration of chlorine atoms increased from 0.05 to 6.60 wt %. Differences in the agglomeration of particles in water medium were found for the original and modified samples. The study of biological properties revealed the following. It was determined by the MTT method that DND-Cl had the most negative effect on Vero cell culture and DND-NH₂ had the least negative effect on Vero cell culture. At DND-NH₂ concentrations of 0.01 mg/mL and below, up to 75% of MDCK cells did not lose their functionality and were able to reproduce influenza A/Moscow/212/2014(H3N2) virus, and the virus titre after leaving the cells ranged from 16 to 64 HA. The range of effects of different concentrations of modified DND on the structure of Danio rerio fish embryos was revealed.