Hyamine 1622-I/I2-Incorporated Sensing Platform for Selective Measurement of Ascorbic Acid, Dopamine, Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen, and Tyrosine

In this study, we present a simple and sensitive carbon paste electrode embedded with Hyamine 1622-iodide/iodine for the simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), acetaminophen (AC), ibuprofen (IBP), and tyrosine (Tyr). Various electrochemical techniques, including cyclic and sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, were employed to investigate the electrode’s performance. The optimized electrode demonstrated excellent sensitivity, with detection limits of 0.74, 0.46, 0.45, 0.52, and 0.44 µM for AA, DA, AC, IBP, and Tyr, respectively. Additionally, it exhibited a broad linear range: 2.4–960.0 µM, 1.5–800.0 µM, 1.5–800.0 µM, 1.7–960.0 µM, and 1.5–860.0 µM for the respective analytes. Further electrochemical analysis provided key parameters, including diffusion coefficients, apparent electrode surface area, heterogeneous rate constants, electrode surface coverage, electron transfer coefficients, and catalytic rate constants for the oxidation processes of the target analytes. The proposed electrode successfully detected AA, DA, AC, IBP, and Tyr in human biological samples, demonstrating good precision with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 2.1%–3.9% and recovery rates between 97 and 103%. The accuracy of the method was validated against a standard technique, confirming its reliability and robustness.

Graphical Abstract