A comprehensive review of impacts of soil management practices and climate adaptation strategies on soil thermal conductivity in agricultural soils

Soil thermal conductivity (λ) is a critical property influencing heat transfer in agro-environmental systems (A-ES), affecting soil temperature, water dynamics, and nutrient availability. Understanding the impact of soil management practices (SMP) and climate adaptation strategies (CAS) on λ is essential for optimizing agricultural productivity and ensuring soil sustainability. This review examines the influence of conventional and conservation tillage, crop rotation, mulching, and organic matter incorporation on soil λ. Conventional tillage practices often disrupt soil structure, reducing water retention and altering soil thermal characteristics (TCs), while conservation tillage enhances soil aggregation and moisture conservation, leading to improved λ. Crop rotation and mulching regulate soil microclimates, minimizing temperature fluctuations and contributing to thermal stability. Additionally, the review highlights the significance of soil texture, moisture content, and organic matter in determining λ. With increasing climate variability, integrating SMP and CAS can mitigate adverse effects on TCs, promoting resilience in agricultural systems. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding the long-term impacts of these strategies on λ across diverse soil types and climatic conditions. Future research should focus on developing integrated approaches that optimize SMP and CAS for improved λ, ensuring sustainable agricultural practices. Expanding studies on soil thermal dynamics will improve our ability to develop adaptive management strategies that support long-term soil health and productivity. This review underscores the necessity of sustainable soil management in the face of climate change, providing insights for future research and practical applications in agricultural systems.