Rural electrification model for remote communities: a study in Sarawak

Ensuring reliable and sustainable electricity access in remote rural communities remains a significant challenge, particularly in regions like Sarawak, Malaysia, where grid extension is often economically unfeasible due to difficult terrain and low population density. This study developed and optimized a hybrid PV/Hydro/DG/Battery energy system as a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solution for rural electrification. Using HOMER software, the research evaluated multiple system configurations based on technical, economic, and environmental criteria to determine the most optimal setup. The results indicate that the PV/Hydro/DG/Battery system achieved an 86.7% renewable fraction, with a net present cost (NPC) of $43,688.91 and a cost of energy (COE) of $0.849/kWh, making it financially viable. The system significantly reduced diesel consumption to 2283 L/year, leading to an 87.37% reduction in carbon emissions compared to standalone diesel generators. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis revealed that streamflow variations have the greatest impact on system performance, requiring a minimum of 28.57 L/s for moderate loads and 34.07 L/s for higher loads to maintain cost efficiency and reliability. This research provides a scalable and replicable framework for off-grid electrification, offering valuable insights for policymakers, energy planners, and researchers aiming to develop sustainable rural energy solutions in Sarawak.