Proteasome Fine-Tunes the Generation of Antimicrobial Peptides.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), part of the body's innate immune response, are natural compounds that inhibit bacteria during bacterial infections. Despite their important role in counteracting cellular pathogens, the precise mechanism of generating AMPs in response to bacterial infection remains elusive. However, recent findings demonstrate that the proteasome, a cellular complex involved in the degradation of intracellular proteins, plays a key role in generating AMPs during bacterial infection. Intriguingly, bacterial infections have been shown to mediate the remodeling of the proteasome, resulting in altered cleavage activity that increases the generation of antimicrobial peptides and helps reduce intracellular bacterial load. Additionally, the 11S proteasome subunit PSME3 has been identified as the key regulatory particle responsible for triggering proteasome remodeling in response to bacterial stress. Remarkably, given the burgeoning research on antimicrobial agents, the recent findings uncover an important anti-bacterial functional role of the proteasome and open avenues for investigating strategies to modulate or enhance the cell's natural defense against pathogens to develop new antimicrobial therapeutics.