Impacts of Biomass-Derived Biochar on Plant Nutrition, Soil Function, and Agricultural Sustainability: A Review

Biochar, a carbon-rich material derived from the pyrolysis of organic biomass, has emerged as a promising biotechnological solution for enhancing sustainable agricultural practices. This paper reviews the role of biochar in manure management, with a focus on its physicochemical properties and their implications for nutrient recycling and environmental impact mitigation. Biochar's large surface area and porous structure enable effective adsorption and retention of nutrients and contaminants, thereby reducing nutrient losses and enhancing nutrient availability for crops. Moreover, its integration into manure systems has shown potential in mitigating ammonia volatilization, reducing odor emissions, and inhibiting pathogenic activity, addressing key challenges in livestock waste management. The review explores biochar's interaction with microbial communities in manure, its influence on nutrient cycling, and its contribution to greenhouse gas reduction and soil health improvement. Challenges and opportunities in optimizing biochar-based biotechnological applications are also discussed, highlighting the need for advanced research and innovation to integrate biochar into sustainable agricultural systems effectively. This paper aligns with the journal's focus on novel biocatalytic and biotechnological approaches to address pressing agricultural and environmental issues.