Thomas D. Slater, Beatrice Gagliostri, Matthew J. Kibble, Nazli S. Tümer, Peter A. Cripton, Nicolas Newell
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However, there is limited consensus regarding which species is best suited for modeling human herniation, making a comprehensive comparison of species-specific herniation mechanisms necessary.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\n \n <p>A standardized shear and compressive load, designed to herniate intervertebral discs, was applied to isolated discs of five cadaveric animal models (<i>n</i> = 30, 6 specimens per group): bovine tail, bovine lumbar, ovine lumbar, porcine lumbar, and porcine cervical. The segments were flexed (7°), and a shear-compressive load was applied at a crosshead displacement rate of 40 mm min<sup>−1</sup>, until a force drop, or a displacement limit was reached (~80% of disc height). Microstructural analysis was undertaken to identify failure modes.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Results</h3>\n \n <p>Clinically relevant herniation features were observed in all models—including endplate and annulus fibrosus (AF) tearing, AF delamination, vertebral body (VB) fracture, nucleus pulposus (NP) extrusion into VB, and radial NP movement. Bovine lumbar, porcine cervical, and porcine lumbar segments exhibited high rates of radial NP movement (84%, 100%, and 67%, respectively), with ovine lumbar discs displaying VB fracture (84%) and NP extrusions into the VB (67%). Bovine tail discs showed minimal damage but were characterized by sequential lamellar AF tears (67%).</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Conclusions</h3>\n \n <p>Porcine cervical, bovine lumbar, and porcine lumbar discs are suitable for annulus-failure herniation research, although porcine cervical discs may be the most appropriate due to exhibiting the highest rate of relevant damages. Ovine lumbar discs are relevant for studying endplate junction failure herniations, and bovine tail discs are appropriate for implant-related studies.</p>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":14876,"journal":{"name":"JOR Spine","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jsp2.70116","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A Comparison of Five Animal Models for Acute Intervertebral Disc Herniation Research\",\"authors\":\"Thomas D. Slater, Beatrice Gagliostri, Matthew J. Kibble, Nazli S. Tümer, Peter A. 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However, there is limited consensus regarding which species is best suited for modeling human herniation, making a comprehensive comparison of species-specific herniation mechanisms necessary.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\\n \\n <p>A standardized shear and compressive load, designed to herniate intervertebral discs, was applied to isolated discs of five cadaveric animal models (<i>n</i> = 30, 6 specimens per group): bovine tail, bovine lumbar, ovine lumbar, porcine lumbar, and porcine cervical. The segments were flexed (7°), and a shear-compressive load was applied at a crosshead displacement rate of 40 mm min<sup>−1</sup>, until a force drop, or a displacement limit was reached (~80% of disc height). 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引用次数: 0
摘要
5种动物模型机械负荷致急性椎间盘突出的显微结构研究。目的比较不同动物模型的椎间盘在标准复杂压缩负荷下的突出情况。与人类标本相比，椎间盘突出研究的动物模型提供了更少的与退变相关的变异性、更低的成本和更大的可用性。然而，对于哪种物种最适合模拟人类疝气，目前还没有达成有限的共识，因此有必要对物种特异性疝气机制进行全面比较。材料与方法采用标准化的剪切压缩载荷，对牛尾、牛腰、羊腰、猪腰和猪颈5种尸体动物模型（n = 30，每组6个标本）的离体椎间盘施加突出椎间盘。将关节段弯曲（7°），并以40 mm min - 1的十字位移速率施加剪切压缩载荷，直到力下降或达到位移极限（~80%的圆盘高度）。进行微观结构分析以确定失效模式。结果所有模型均观察到临床相关的突出特征，包括终板和纤维环（AF）撕裂、AF剥离、椎体（VB）骨折、髓核（NP）向VB挤压、NP径向运动。牛腰椎节段、猪颈椎节段和猪腰椎节段表现出高的径向NP运动率（分别为84%、100%和67%），绵羊腰椎间盘表现为VB骨折（84%）和NP向VB内挤压（67%）。牛尾盘损伤最小，但以连续板层AF撕裂为特征（67%）。结论猪颈椎间盘、牛腰椎间盘和猪腰椎间盘适合于环失败型疝的研究，但由于相关损伤率最高，猪颈椎间盘可能是最合适的。绵羊腰椎间盘适用于研究终板连接失败的突出症，而牛尾椎间盘适用于与植入物相关的研究。
A Comparison of Five Animal Models for Acute Intervertebral Disc Herniation Research
Study Design
Microstructural investigation of mechanical load induced acute disc herniation on five animal models.
Objective
To compare how spinal discs in different animal models herniate under a standardized complex compressive load.
Summary of Background Data
Animal models in disc herniation research offer reduced degeneration-associated variability, lower cost, and greater availability compared to human specimens. However, there is limited consensus regarding which species is best suited for modeling human herniation, making a comprehensive comparison of species-specific herniation mechanisms necessary.
Materials and Methods
A standardized shear and compressive load, designed to herniate intervertebral discs, was applied to isolated discs of five cadaveric animal models (n = 30, 6 specimens per group): bovine tail, bovine lumbar, ovine lumbar, porcine lumbar, and porcine cervical. The segments were flexed (7°), and a shear-compressive load was applied at a crosshead displacement rate of 40 mm min−1, until a force drop, or a displacement limit was reached (~80% of disc height). Microstructural analysis was undertaken to identify failure modes.
Results
Clinically relevant herniation features were observed in all models—including endplate and annulus fibrosus (AF) tearing, AF delamination, vertebral body (VB) fracture, nucleus pulposus (NP) extrusion into VB, and radial NP movement. Bovine lumbar, porcine cervical, and porcine lumbar segments exhibited high rates of radial NP movement (84%, 100%, and 67%, respectively), with ovine lumbar discs displaying VB fracture (84%) and NP extrusions into the VB (67%). Bovine tail discs showed minimal damage but were characterized by sequential lamellar AF tears (67%).
Conclusions
Porcine cervical, bovine lumbar, and porcine lumbar discs are suitable for annulus-failure herniation research, although porcine cervical discs may be the most appropriate due to exhibiting the highest rate of relevant damages. Ovine lumbar discs are relevant for studying endplate junction failure herniations, and bovine tail discs are appropriate for implant-related studies.
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