End-to-Network Load Balancing for AI Data Center Networks: A Convergence-Based Approach to Enhance Training Efficiency

In large-scale language model training, network performance is a crucial determinant of training efficiency. Traditional load balancing methods, such as equal-cost multipath (ECMP), often suffer from hash polarization, leading to suboptimal traffic distribution—particularly in scenarios with limited flow counts and a dominance of elephant flows. To mitigate this challenge, this paper introduces end-to-network load balancing (ENLB), a novel and readily deployable scheme that optimizes uplink utilization through coordinated server-switch traffic scheduling. Leveraging end-to-network convergence principles, ENLB enhances bandwidth efficiency while minimizing flow completion times. Simulation and experimental evaluations demonstrate that ENLB improves network bandwidth utilization by up to 38% and reduces model training task durations by over 3% compared to conventional ECMP-based approaches. These findings underscore ENLB's potential as a scalable solution for modern AI Data Center (AIDC) networks.