A comprehensive review: surface modification strategies to enhance corrosion resistance of zirconia-based biomaterials in implant applications

In contemporary dental practice, there is a significant demand for materials that not only exhibit superior mechanical strength and durability but also offer excellent biocompatibility and aesthetic appeal. Zirconia (ZrO₂) has emerged as a leading biomaterial addressing these needs, owing to its exceptional properties such as high fracture toughness, resistance to corrosion and wear, and tooth-like translucency. These characteristics make zirconia ideal for various dental prosthetics, including crowns, bridges, and abutments. Advancements in zirconia composites, particularly yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and zirconia-toughened alumina, have further enhanced its mechanical properties and stability. YSZ, for instance, is widely utilized in dental ceramics due to its increased strength and fracture toughness. To optimize zirconia’s performance, especially in terms of corrosion resistance and osseointegration, various surface modification techniques have been developed. These techniques encompass acid etching, coating, polishing, biofunctionalization, sandblasting, ultraviolet light exposure, and laser treatments. These modifications significantly improve bone integration by altering surface texture, structure, wettability, chemical resilience, and antibacterial characteristics. In summary, zirconia’s combination of mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and aesthetic appeal, along with ongoing advancements in composite formulations and surface treatments, solidify its role as a leading biomaterial in implant applications.