Naturally Occurring Alkaloids: Their Structural Elucidation and Biological Activity (2020–2024)

Alkaloids are naturally occurring secondary metabolites produced by plants, bacteria, and fungi. They are renowned for their complex chemical structures and diverse biological activities. These compounds have long captivated researchers due to their significant pharmacological potential, rendering them invaluable in natural product chemistry and drug discovery. The structural diversity of alkaloids—originating from a variety of biosynthetic pathways and heterocyclic ring systems—enables them to interact with a wide range of biological targets, leading to numerous therapeutic effects. This review aims to explore the structural elucidation and biological activities of alkaloids derived from plants, bacteria, and fungi, emphasizing their roles as key bioactive molecules in the development of modern medicine. By examining these compounds, we can gain deeper insights into their mechanisms of action and their potential in treating life-threatening diseases, including cancer, as well as their broader implications for human health.