转座因子作为胎盘发育的关键调控因子。

IF 1 Q3 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
M A Zhilkina, E N Tolmacheva, S A Vasilyev
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引用次数: 0

摘要

转座因子(te)占人类基因组的三分之一以上,作为调控序列的重要来源,在人类基因组的进化中起着至关重要的作用。在正常情况下,它们的活性受到DNA甲基化机制的严格控制;然而,这种抑制的有效性在不同组织中差异很大。胎盘以整体低甲基化为特征,代表了一个独特的环境,逆转录病毒和逆转录转座子通常在体细胞中沉默,获得激活的机会。胎盘的这种独特的表观遗传景观允许转座子参与基因组活动的调节,影响从早期胚胎发生到出生后发育的过程。胎盘中的DNA低甲基化不仅促进TE的动员,而且开启了将其成分作为独立基因和调控元件——启动子、增强子和其他功能模块的可能性。这些因素参与了胎盘发育的关键方面,包括合胞滋养细胞形成、上皮外滋养细胞侵袭、螺旋动脉重塑和子宫内膜脱个体化。重要的是,te可以作为邻近基因的替代启动子的来源,并且古代哺乳动物转座子包含多个转录因子结合位点,从而能够协调调节具有共同功能的基因。尽管人们对转座因子在胎盘发育和功能中的作用越来越感兴趣,但许多问题仍未得到解答。特别是,非长末端重复(non-LTR)逆转录转座子在妊娠期间的功能机制仍然知之甚少。深入了解这些过程对于阐明与主要产科综合征相关的胎盘调节障碍是必要的。这篇综述探讨了转座因子对人类基因组功能的贡献,特别是它们对基因表达的影响,在怀孕和胎盘发育的背景下。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Transposable elements as key regulators of placental development.

Transposable elements (TEs), comprising over one-third of the human genome, play a crucial role in its evolution, serving as a significant source of regulatory sequences. Under normal circumstances, their activity is tightly controlled by DNA methylation mechanisms; however, the effectiveness of this suppression varies substantially across tissues. The placenta, characterized by global hypomethylation, represents a unique environment where retroviruses and retrotransposons, typically silenced in somatic cells, gain the opportunity for activation. This distinct epigenetic landscape of the placenta allows transposons to participate in the regulation of genomic activity, influencing processes ranging from early embryogenesis to postnatal development. DNA hypomethylation in the placenta not only promotes TE mobilization, but also opens the possibility of using their components as independent genes and regulatory elements - promoters, enhancers, and other functional modules. These elements are involved in key aspects of placental development, including syncytiotrophoblast formation, extravillous trophoblast invasion, spiral artery remodeling, and endometrial decidualization. Importantly, TEs can serve as sources of alternative promoters for neighboring genes, and ancient mammalian transposons contain multiple transcription factor binding sites, enabling coordinated regulation of genes sharing a common function. Despite the growing interest in the role of transposable elements in placental development and function, many questions remain unanswered. In particular, the mechanisms of non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposon function during pregnancy remain poorly understood. A deep understanding of these processes is necessary to elucidate regulatory disorders in the placenta associated with major obstetric syndromes. This review examines the contribution of transposable elements to the functioning of the human genome, particularly their impact on gene expression, in the context of pregnancy and placental development.

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来源期刊
Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii
Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
1.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
119
审稿时长
8 weeks
期刊介绍: The "Vavilov Journal of genetics and breeding" publishes original research and review articles in all key areas of modern plant, animal and human genetics, genomics, bioinformatics and biotechnology. One of the main objectives of the journal is integration of theoretical and applied research in the field of genetics. Special attention is paid to the most topical areas in modern genetics dealing with global concerns such as food security and human health.
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