On the Theoretical Properties and Experimental Detection of Dark Matter Axions

Dark matter constitutes approximately $27\%$ of the universe's total matter-energy content, yet its fundamental nature remains unknown. Axions, initially proposed to solve the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), emerge as leading dark matter candidates due to their attractive theoretical properties and compatibility with observational constraints. This paper explores the theoretical foundations of axions, their interactions with electromagnetic fields, and recent advancements in experimental detection methods. We provide an in-depth analysis of axion models, including the PQWW, KSVZ, DFSZ models, and axion-like particles (ALPs), highlighting their mass ranges, coupling strengths, and experimental implications. The potential for detecting axion dark matter via pulsar observations is also explored, offering a novel avenue to constrain axion parameter spaces. Finally, we discuss ongoing challenges and future research directions in axion physics, underscoring the transformative potential of axion detection for solving the dark matter puzzle and advancing fundamental physics.