Teleophthalmology enabled devices: bridging the gap in rural eye care.

Introduction: Rural populations bear a disproportionate burden of preventable vision loss due to scant ophthalmic resources, long travel distances, and delayed diagnoses of vision threatening conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Teleophthalmology leveraging portable imaging devices, data connectivity, and remote interpretation, offers a critical solution by bringing diagnostic capabilities to underserved communities and enabling earlier intervention before irreversible vision loss occurs.

Areas covered: This report reviews the evolution and performance of handheld fundus cameras and smartphone-based adapters for ophthalmic imaging, as well as portable and home-based OCT systems for high-resolution structural assessment. We summarize key studies validating device accuracy, and examine artificial-intelligence algorithms that autonomously grade retinal images with regulatory clearance. We also discuss implementation challenges including infrastructure gaps, image-quality limitations, cost-utility data and outline strategies such as hybrid AI - expert workflows, federated learning, and integration of tele-eye care into existing public health programs.

Expert opinion: Teleophthalmology devices have matured into reliable tools that can democratize eye care. Their success depends on robust digital infrastructure, rigorous device and algorithm validation, and sustainable financing models. Investment in local training, community engagement, and interoperable referral networks is essential to translate technological advances into meaningful reductions in rural vision impairment.