Associations Between Social Determinants of Health and Adherence in Mobile-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment: Scoping Review.

Background: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involves repeated prompts to capture real-time self-reported health outcomes and behaviors via mobile devices. With the rise of mobile health (mHealth) technologies, EMA has been applied across diverse populations and health domains. However, the extent to which EMA engagement and data quality vary across social determinants of health (SDoH) remains underexplored. Emerging evidence suggests that EMA adherence and data completeness may be sometimes associated with participant characteristics such as socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and education level. These associations may sometimes influence who engages with EMA protocols and the types of contextual data captured. Despite growing interest in these patterns, no review to date has synthesized evidence on how SDoH relate to EMA compliance and engagement.

Objective: We conducted a scoping review to study two research questions: (R1) how EMA compliance rates in health studies can differ across SDoH and (R2) what types of SDoH have been identified through EMA health studies.

Methods: Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost using two sets of queries targeting EMA and its relationship to SDoH. Eligible studies were peer reviewed, were published in English between 2013 and 2024, and used mobile-based EMA methods. Studies were included if they (1) reported on differences in EMA compliance by SDoH or (2) reported at least one SDoH observed or uncovered during an EMA study. We used the social ecological model (SEM) as a guiding framework to categorize and interpret SDoH across individual, interpersonal, community, and societal levels. A qualitative thematic synthesis was conducted to iteratively and collaboratively extract, categorize, and review determinants.

Results: We analyzed 48 eligible studies, of which 35 addressed R1 by examining compliance patterns across various SDoH. Using the SEM, we identified 13 determinants categorized across 4 levels: individual (eg, daily routine, biological sex, age, socioeconomic status, language, education, and race or ethnicity), interpersonal (eg, social support), community and organizational (eg, social context, social acceptance, stigmatization, and youth culture), and policy or societal (eg, systemic and structural barriers). These studies described differences in EMA response rates, compliance, and dropout associated with these determinants, often among vulnerable populations. The remaining 13 studies addressed R2, demonstrating examples of the types of SDoH that EMA research can uncover, including family culture, social support, social contexts, stigmatization, gender norms, heroic narratives, LGBTQ+ culture, racial discrimination, and systematic and structural barriers.

Conclusions: This scoping review illustrates how EMA compliance rates can differ across SDoH and highlights the potential of EMA to uncover social and cultural factors linked to health behaviors and outcomes. Our findings underscore the importance of integrating SDoH considerations into EMA study designs to capture context-specific sociocultural dynamics.