Hiatal hernia after open versus minimally invasive transthoracic oesophagectomy for cancer.

Background: Hiatal hernia (HH) after oesophagectomy is a potentially life-threatening complication, more commonly observed after minimally invasive procedures. The aim of the study was to compare the incidence of HH after open versus minimally invasive oesophagectomy (MIO) for cancer, to identify risk factors for its onset, and analyse the technical differences between the approaches.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients who underwent transthoracic oesophagectomy for cancer over a 15-year period. Open and minimally invasive procedures were compared according to demographics, and operative and perioperative parameters. MIO included both laparoscopic and robotic operations. Risk factors for HH after oesophagectomy were analysed by calculating odds ratios of uni- and multivariable generalized linear models.

Results: A total of 898 patients operated on between 2008 and 2023 were included in the study. HH was observed in 1 of 490 patients (0.2%) in the open group and in 21 of 408 patients (5.2%) in the minimally invasive group (P < 0.001). At multivariable analysis, patients with an ASA score of II and III within the MIO group had a significantly lower risk of HH compared with ASA I subjects (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). Omentectomy was performed in all open procedures but in none of the MIO.

Conclusion: The rate of HH was significantly lower in patients who underwent open oesophagectomy. Omentectomy may prevent postoesophagectomy HH as it was the only additional technical difference between the groups. Multicentric randomized clinical trials are needed to assess whether omentectomy during MIO may reduce the occurrence of paraconduit HH.