{"title":"患难中的朋友:研究中支持同事的价值","authors":"Freda K. Stevenson, Federico Caligaris Cappio","doi":"10.1002/hem3.70223","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sometimes the way research in science and medicine works seems far out of the public reach. Yet we know that it is carried out by ordinary people who happen to have followed a path which interests them, and which might carry the benefit of helping patients. As for most human activities, it can be a difficult world racked with ambition, competition, emotion, and deception. It can also be fascinating and rewarding. The historical career structure was made for men and it has always been difficult for women. In the end, the zigzag path to achievement depends on determination, talent, and on luck. One aspect not often mentioned is the importance of friendship between colleagues, often soured by competition. Our story is of a platonic partnership, in research into chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), between two individuals, one an Italian male clinical scientist and the other a British female scientist (Figure 1). We did not work directly together, but in parallel, sharing the good things and supporting each other through the bad. The results of our efforts were to help to transform our knowledge of CLL, with insight into the biology providing the best prognostic indicator for patients and clinicians. The expansion of understanding then formed a foundation for novel targeted therapies. Our careers in translational hematology reflect the twists and turns of research during our time. Things have changed, but the excitement and fun of research remain for the next generations to enjoy.</p><p><i>Freda:</i> In my time it was difficult for a lone woman to make a difference in medical research. Not only did society load on all the expectations which go with being female, especially when there are children, but the male-dominated structures blocked progress. I look back at a career in what became “translational science,” operating at the interface between the laboratory and the clinic, beginning in the 1960s to the present. Many things have improved, with more awareness by institutions and male colleagues of problems facing women, but there are still many challenges. Hematology has always been open to science, but the power structure lies with clinicians, so results from the laboratory have to be first, comprehensible, and second, relevant to human disease.</p><p>It might seem odd now but, although I went through the usual undergraduate/postgraduate training, emerging with a DPhil from Oxford, I gave little thought to my career. The overwhelming ambition for women was to marry and have children so that is what I did. But, since my husband, George, was Australian and we moved there, I cheekily applied for a Lectureship in Biochemistry at Sydney University. In those days there was a shortage of applications and I forgot to mention that I was pregnant so I became a lecturer. This was pivotal because I was thrust into the academic structure and forced to find child care. It is obvious now that this is a way to go but I was a sort of pioneer, with no help available. On returning to Oxford in 1970, and then moving to Southampton in 1973, I decided to continue this route. By this time a creeping ambition to pursue a research career in cell biology had solidified and I continued, now with three children. Two major obstacles emerged: first, Southampton University was then unknown for basic haematological research, which meant no support due to reputational excellence; second, because I initially worked with George (not for long), it was assumed that all the ideas came from him. However, these disadvantages were counterbalanced by strong financial support from the Tenovus charity based in Cardiff which had endowed the Southampton laboratory and was receptive to grant applications. In the current darker days, it reminds us that investment is essential to build a team and to deliver novel findings. Even so it took years of publications and conference participation to establish my own reputation and this is where the support from Federico and others mattered.</p><p><i>Federico:</i> Italian science had different but parallel problems. I was born in a small mountain village so in a sense I came from nowhere. I graduated in Medicine in 1973 at the University of Torino. Those days, to pursue an academic career, one had to comply with three rules almost etched in stone: to be male, exempt from military service and belong to a wealthy family. Except for the male sex this was not my situation and, after having served in the army, I had to accept extra jobs such as night shifts to earn a living while working daily in a university clinical department. The relationship with patients was a most enriching experience that triggered a passion for investigating how to overcome the biological barriers that protect tumours, and how to find ways to improve diagnosis and treatment.</p><p>In 1981, I had a most instructive post-doc experience in London at the Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital under the guidance of George Janossy. I was fascinated by the mechanistic approach to patient's investigation as opposed to descriptive observational studies. I decided to take this strategy to Torino and apply it to CLL. This made me enter the international conference circuit where I met Freda who had a key role in persuading me that immunology was reshaping clinical disciplines, namely hematology. International connections proved essential to have the support of my boss within the cabals of influential men. I was appointed Professor of Medicine in 1990. In 2003, I moved to San Raffaele University, Milano, where I founded the Departments of Oncology, of Onco-Hematology, and the Research Division of Molecular Oncology. I asked Freda to be my advisor and she was key to the scientific success of the program project on CLL and multiple myeloma funded by the charity <i>Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC)</i> highlighting the central role of the microenvironment in B-cell tumors.</p><p>For Freda, the first focus of research was on DNA vaccines against lymphoma. An important lesson was learned: even though she developed an effective fusion vaccine, and thought clinical trials would follow naturally, it soon became clear that there was no interest in vaccination from the pharmaceutical companies, who were (it turns out wrongly) negative about “genetic vaccines.” If COVID had any positive influence, it was to change this view, and her mentees in Southampton are now running clinical trials in Liverpool of a similar design against lung cancer.</p><p>Facing the brick wall, she had to develop a new direction. Another lesson was that progress depends on emerging technology, and she embraced the new science of immunogenetics. Applying this to B-cell tumors was obvious and she looked at CLL, previously a “boring accumulation of small lymphocytes.” Federico was applying his newly acquired experience in monoclonal antibodies to reveal the unusual phenotype of CLL cells.<span><sup>1</sup></span> Freda looked at the immunogenetics of the B-cell receptor, which turned out to be a gold mine, dividing the disease into two separate groups derived from pre-germinal centre (GC) or post-GC cells, with important differences in prognosis revealed from the matched clinical data of Terry Hamblin and Nicholas (Nick) Chiorazzi.<span><sup>2, 3</sup></span> The history of the discovery of the importance of the two subsets of CLL was subsequently published by Nick and Freda to celebrate the 20th anniversary in <i>HemaSphere</i> in 2020.<span><sup>4</sup></span></p><p>The European Hematology Association (EHA) saw the importance and both were invited speakers at conferences organized by the EHA to share information on the exciting possibilities for the focused treatment of CLL. In 2014, Freda received the <i>Jean Bernard Lifetime Achievement Award</i> from EHA for her contributions to the advancement of hematology. Although she received subsequent awards, this was a precious first recognition of her findings. Freda and Federico combined their knowledge in a review of the phenotype and genotype of CLL.<span><sup>5</sup></span> They also shared a project on the nature of anergy in CLL, with one of Federico's talented research fellows, Benedetta Apollonia, spending time in the Southampton laboratory.<span><sup>6</sup></span> Importantly, the B-cell receptor turned out to be a target for inhibitory drugs, with new and effective therapies for the more aggressive subset showering into the clinic.</p><p>Support from male colleagues was rare in a competitive world, and the partnership of Freda with Federico was fortunate. Perhaps Federico not being from the United Kingdom, where the old-boy network often worked against females, helped. Although we knew each other for some years, we became much closer at a relatively late stage of our careers when we were both in our 50s. Three circumstances had a major influence in cementing our friendship and mutual respect. These illustrate some of the challenges and joys of lives in research.</p><p>Surviving in the competitive world of research requires many strengths. Challenges shift for each generation but remain dominated by pressures on funding, especially to implement new technology, creating competition for limited resources. Perhaps gender equality has improved but social aspects are often a rather neglected area. International conferences used to be challenging and Freda had to watch the men go to the bar together and then out for dinner, leaving her to a lonely hotel. She solved this by contacting female participants beforehand and arranging dinners together. If Federico was at the conference, she was assured of social contact and a pleasant interactive dinner, with lots of catch up on CLL and immunology. We have been fortunate to be “friends in need” and we hope that this kind of support can be found by all in the research community.</p><p><b>Freda K. Stevenson</b>: Conceptualization; writing—original draft; writing—review & editing; validation. <b>Federico Caligaris Cappio:</b> Conceptualization; writing—original draft; writing—review & editing; visualization.</p><p>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p><p>This research received no funding.</p>","PeriodicalId":12982,"journal":{"name":"HemaSphere","volume":"9 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hem3.70223","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Friends in need: The value of supportive colleagues in research\",\"authors\":\"Freda K. Stevenson, Federico Caligaris Cappio\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/hem3.70223\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>Sometimes the way research in science and medicine works seems far out of the public reach. Yet we know that it is carried out by ordinary people who happen to have followed a path which interests them, and which might carry the benefit of helping patients. As for most human activities, it can be a difficult world racked with ambition, competition, emotion, and deception. It can also be fascinating and rewarding. The historical career structure was made for men and it has always been difficult for women. In the end, the zigzag path to achievement depends on determination, talent, and on luck. One aspect not often mentioned is the importance of friendship between colleagues, often soured by competition. Our story is of a platonic partnership, in research into chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), between two individuals, one an Italian male clinical scientist and the other a British female scientist (Figure 1). We did not work directly together, but in parallel, sharing the good things and supporting each other through the bad. The results of our efforts were to help to transform our knowledge of CLL, with insight into the biology providing the best prognostic indicator for patients and clinicians. The expansion of understanding then formed a foundation for novel targeted therapies. Our careers in translational hematology reflect the twists and turns of research during our time. Things have changed, but the excitement and fun of research remain for the next generations to enjoy.</p><p><i>Freda:</i> In my time it was difficult for a lone woman to make a difference in medical research. Not only did society load on all the expectations which go with being female, especially when there are children, but the male-dominated structures blocked progress. I look back at a career in what became “translational science,” operating at the interface between the laboratory and the clinic, beginning in the 1960s to the present. Many things have improved, with more awareness by institutions and male colleagues of problems facing women, but there are still many challenges. Hematology has always been open to science, but the power structure lies with clinicians, so results from the laboratory have to be first, comprehensible, and second, relevant to human disease.</p><p>It might seem odd now but, although I went through the usual undergraduate/postgraduate training, emerging with a DPhil from Oxford, I gave little thought to my career. The overwhelming ambition for women was to marry and have children so that is what I did. But, since my husband, George, was Australian and we moved there, I cheekily applied for a Lectureship in Biochemistry at Sydney University. In those days there was a shortage of applications and I forgot to mention that I was pregnant so I became a lecturer. This was pivotal because I was thrust into the academic structure and forced to find child care. It is obvious now that this is a way to go but I was a sort of pioneer, with no help available. On returning to Oxford in 1970, and then moving to Southampton in 1973, I decided to continue this route. By this time a creeping ambition to pursue a research career in cell biology had solidified and I continued, now with three children. Two major obstacles emerged: first, Southampton University was then unknown for basic haematological research, which meant no support due to reputational excellence; second, because I initially worked with George (not for long), it was assumed that all the ideas came from him. However, these disadvantages were counterbalanced by strong financial support from the Tenovus charity based in Cardiff which had endowed the Southampton laboratory and was receptive to grant applications. In the current darker days, it reminds us that investment is essential to build a team and to deliver novel findings. Even so it took years of publications and conference participation to establish my own reputation and this is where the support from Federico and others mattered.</p><p><i>Federico:</i> Italian science had different but parallel problems. I was born in a small mountain village so in a sense I came from nowhere. I graduated in Medicine in 1973 at the University of Torino. Those days, to pursue an academic career, one had to comply with three rules almost etched in stone: to be male, exempt from military service and belong to a wealthy family. Except for the male sex this was not my situation and, after having served in the army, I had to accept extra jobs such as night shifts to earn a living while working daily in a university clinical department. The relationship with patients was a most enriching experience that triggered a passion for investigating how to overcome the biological barriers that protect tumours, and how to find ways to improve diagnosis and treatment.</p><p>In 1981, I had a most instructive post-doc experience in London at the Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital under the guidance of George Janossy. I was fascinated by the mechanistic approach to patient's investigation as opposed to descriptive observational studies. I decided to take this strategy to Torino and apply it to CLL. This made me enter the international conference circuit where I met Freda who had a key role in persuading me that immunology was reshaping clinical disciplines, namely hematology. International connections proved essential to have the support of my boss within the cabals of influential men. I was appointed Professor of Medicine in 1990. In 2003, I moved to San Raffaele University, Milano, where I founded the Departments of Oncology, of Onco-Hematology, and the Research Division of Molecular Oncology. I asked Freda to be my advisor and she was key to the scientific success of the program project on CLL and multiple myeloma funded by the charity <i>Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC)</i> highlighting the central role of the microenvironment in B-cell tumors.</p><p>For Freda, the first focus of research was on DNA vaccines against lymphoma. An important lesson was learned: even though she developed an effective fusion vaccine, and thought clinical trials would follow naturally, it soon became clear that there was no interest in vaccination from the pharmaceutical companies, who were (it turns out wrongly) negative about “genetic vaccines.” If COVID had any positive influence, it was to change this view, and her mentees in Southampton are now running clinical trials in Liverpool of a similar design against lung cancer.</p><p>Facing the brick wall, she had to develop a new direction. Another lesson was that progress depends on emerging technology, and she embraced the new science of immunogenetics. Applying this to B-cell tumors was obvious and she looked at CLL, previously a “boring accumulation of small lymphocytes.” Federico was applying his newly acquired experience in monoclonal antibodies to reveal the unusual phenotype of CLL cells.<span><sup>1</sup></span> Freda looked at the immunogenetics of the B-cell receptor, which turned out to be a gold mine, dividing the disease into two separate groups derived from pre-germinal centre (GC) or post-GC cells, with important differences in prognosis revealed from the matched clinical data of Terry Hamblin and Nicholas (Nick) Chiorazzi.<span><sup>2, 3</sup></span> The history of the discovery of the importance of the two subsets of CLL was subsequently published by Nick and Freda to celebrate the 20th anniversary in <i>HemaSphere</i> in 2020.<span><sup>4</sup></span></p><p>The European Hematology Association (EHA) saw the importance and both were invited speakers at conferences organized by the EHA to share information on the exciting possibilities for the focused treatment of CLL. In 2014, Freda received the <i>Jean Bernard Lifetime Achievement Award</i> from EHA for her contributions to the advancement of hematology. Although she received subsequent awards, this was a precious first recognition of her findings. Freda and Federico combined their knowledge in a review of the phenotype and genotype of CLL.<span><sup>5</sup></span> They also shared a project on the nature of anergy in CLL, with one of Federico's talented research fellows, Benedetta Apollonia, spending time in the Southampton laboratory.<span><sup>6</sup></span> Importantly, the B-cell receptor turned out to be a target for inhibitory drugs, with new and effective therapies for the more aggressive subset showering into the clinic.</p><p>Support from male colleagues was rare in a competitive world, and the partnership of Freda with Federico was fortunate. Perhaps Federico not being from the United Kingdom, where the old-boy network often worked against females, helped. Although we knew each other for some years, we became much closer at a relatively late stage of our careers when we were both in our 50s. Three circumstances had a major influence in cementing our friendship and mutual respect. These illustrate some of the challenges and joys of lives in research.</p><p>Surviving in the competitive world of research requires many strengths. Challenges shift for each generation but remain dominated by pressures on funding, especially to implement new technology, creating competition for limited resources. Perhaps gender equality has improved but social aspects are often a rather neglected area. International conferences used to be challenging and Freda had to watch the men go to the bar together and then out for dinner, leaving her to a lonely hotel. She solved this by contacting female participants beforehand and arranging dinners together. If Federico was at the conference, she was assured of social contact and a pleasant interactive dinner, with lots of catch up on CLL and immunology. We have been fortunate to be “friends in need” and we hope that this kind of support can be found by all in the research community.</p><p><b>Freda K. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
有时,科学和医学研究的工作方式似乎远远超出了公众的理解范围。然而,我们知道,它是由普通人进行的,他们碰巧走上了一条他们感兴趣的道路,这可能会带来帮助病人的好处。对于大多数人类活动来说,这可能是一个充满野心、竞争、情感和欺骗的艰难世界。它也可以是迷人和有益的。历史上的职业结构是为男性创造的,对女性来说一直很困难。最终,通往成就的曲折之路取决于决心、天赋和运气。一个不常被提及的方面是同事间友谊的重要性,而这种友谊往往会因竞争而恶化。我们的故事是一个柏拉图式的伙伴关系,在慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)的研究中,两个人,一个是意大利男性临床科学家,另一个是英国女性科学家(图1)。我们并没有直接在一起工作,而是并行的,分享好的事情,在困难的时候互相支持。我们努力的结果是帮助改变我们对CLL的认识,深入了解为患者和临床医生提供最佳预后指标的生物学。认识的扩大为新的靶向治疗奠定了基础。我们在转化血液学的职业生涯反映了我们这个时代研究的曲折。事情已经变了,但研究的兴奋和乐趣仍然留给下一代去享受。弗蕾达:在我那个年代,一个孤独的女人很难在医学研究上有所作为。社会不仅给女性带来了所有的期望,尤其是当有孩子的时候,而且男性主导的结构阻碍了进步。我回顾了从20世纪60年代到现在,在实验室和诊所之间运作的“转化科学”的职业生涯。许多事情都有所改善,机构和男性同事对女性面临的问题有了更多的认识,但仍有许多挑战。血液学一直对科学开放,但权力结构掌握在临床医生手中,因此实验室的结果必须首先是可理解的,其次是与人类疾病相关的。现在听起来可能有些奇怪,但尽管我接受了常规的本科/研究生培训,获得了牛津大学的哲学博士学位,但我很少考虑自己的职业。女人最大的抱负就是结婚生子,所以我就是这么做的。但是,由于我的丈夫乔治是澳大利亚人,我们搬到了那里,我就厚颜无耻地申请了悉尼大学生物化学讲师的职位。在那些日子里,申请人数不足,我忘了说我怀孕了,所以我成了一名讲师。这是至关重要的,因为我被推进了学术结构,被迫寻找儿童保育。现在很明显,这是一条要走的路,但我是一个开拓者,没有任何帮助。1970年回到牛津,1973年搬到南安普顿,我决定继续这条路。在这个时候,追求细胞生物学研究事业的野心已经凝固,我继续着,现在有了三个孩子。出现了两个主要障碍:首先,南安普顿大学当时在基础血液学研究方面并不为人所知,这意味着由于声誉卓越,没有得到支持;第二,因为我最初是和乔治一起工作的(时间不长),所以大家都认为所有的想法都来自他。然而,这些缺点被来自卡迪夫的Tenovus慈善机构的强大财政支持所抵消,该慈善机构捐赠了南安普顿实验室,并接受拨款申请。在当前黯淡的日子里,它提醒我们,投资对于组建团队和提供新发现至关重要。即便如此,我还是花了数年的时间发表文章和参加会议,才建立了自己的声誉,这就是费德里科和其他人的支持很重要的地方。费德里科:意大利科学有不同但相似的问题。我出生在一个小山村,所以从某种意义上说,我是白手起家的。1973年我从都灵大学医学专业毕业。在那个年代,想要追求学术生涯,必须遵守三个几乎是一成不变的规则:男性、免兵役、家境富裕。除了男性,这不是我的情况,在军队服役后,我不得不接受额外的工作,比如夜班,以维持生计,同时每天在大学的临床部门工作。与病人的关系是最丰富的经验,激发了研究如何克服保护肿瘤的生物屏障,以及如何找到改善诊断和治疗的方法的热情。1981年,我在伦敦皇家自由医院免疫学部接受George Janossy的指导,获得了一段非常有启发意义的博士后经历。 与描述性观察性研究相反,我对患者调查的机械方法很着迷。我决定把这个策略带到都灵,并应用到CLL中。这让我参加了国际会议,在那里我遇到了弗雷达,她在说服我免疫学正在重塑临床学科,即血液学方面发挥了关键作用。事实证明,要想在有影响力的人的小圈子里得到我老板的支持,国际关系至关重要。我于1990年被任命为医学教授。2003年,我搬到了米兰的圣拉斐尔大学,在那里我成立了肿瘤系、肿瘤血液学和分子肿瘤学研究部门。我请Freda做我的导师,她是CLL和多发性骨髓瘤项目科学成功的关键,该项目由慈善机构意大利癌症协会(AIRC)资助,突出了微环境在b细胞肿瘤中的核心作用。对弗雷达来说,研究的第一个重点是针对淋巴瘤的DNA疫苗。她学到了一个重要的教训:尽管她开发了一种有效的融合疫苗,并认为临床试验自然会进行,但很快就发现制药公司对疫苗接种不感兴趣,他们(后来证明是错误的)对“基因疫苗”持否定态度。如果COVID有任何积极的影响,那就是改变了这种观点,她在南安普顿的学生现在正在利物浦进行类似设计的肺癌临床试验。面对这堵砖墙,她不得不另辟蹊径。另一个教训是,进步取决于新兴技术,她接受了免疫遗传学这门新科学。将这种方法应用于b细胞肿瘤是很明显的,她观察了CLL,以前是一种“无聊的小淋巴细胞堆积”。费德里科正在运用他在单克隆抗体方面新获得的经验来揭示CLL细胞的不寻常表型弗雷达研究了b细胞受体的免疫遗传学,结果证明这是一个金矿,她将这种疾病分为两组,分别来自生发前中心(GC)和生发后中心细胞,从特里·汉布林和尼古拉斯(尼克)·基奥拉兹的匹配临床数据中揭示了预后的重要差异。随后,Nick和Freda发表了发现CLL两种亚群重要性的历史,以庆祝2020年HemaSphere的20周年纪念日。欧洲血液学协会(EHA)看到了这一重要性,并邀请他们在EHA组织的会议上发表演讲,分享CLL集中治疗的令人兴奋的可能性。2014年,Freda获得了EHA颁发的Jean Bernard终身成就奖,以表彰她对血液学进步的贡献。虽然她后来获得了奖项,但这是对她的发现的宝贵的第一次认可。弗雷达和费德里科将他们的知识结合起来,对CLL的表型和基因型进行了回顾。5他们还与费德里科的一位才华横溢的研究员贝内代塔·阿波罗尼亚(Benedetta Apollonia)在南安普顿实验室分享了一个关于CLL能量本质的项目重要的是,b细胞受体被证明是抑制性药物的靶标,针对更具侵略性的亚群的新的有效疗法大量进入临床。在竞争激烈的世界里,男同事的支持是很少见的,弗雷达和费德里科的合作是幸运的。也许费德里科不是来自英国,因为英国的老男孩关系网经常与女性作对。虽然我们已经认识几年了,但在我们职业生涯相对较晚的阶段,也就是我们都50多岁的时候,我们变得更加亲密。有三种情况对巩固我们的友谊和相互尊重产生了重大影响。这些都说明了研究生活中的一些挑战和乐趣。在竞争激烈的研究领域生存需要很多优势。每一代人面临的挑战都在变化,但主要是资金压力,尤其是实施新技术的压力,造成了对有限资源的竞争。也许性别平等有所改善,但社会方面往往是一个相当被忽视的领域。国际会议过去很有挑战性,弗雷达不得不看着男人们一起去酒吧,然后出去吃晚饭,把她留在一个孤独的酒店里。她通过事先联系女性参与者并安排一起吃饭来解决这个问题。如果费德里科在会议上,她肯定会有社交接触和愉快的互动晚餐,有很多关于CLL和免疫学的补习。我们很幸运能成为“患难与共的朋友”,我们希望研究界的所有人都能找到这样的支持。Freda K. Stevenson:概念化;原创作品草案;写作-评论&编辑;验证。Federico Caligaris Cappio:概念化;原创作品草案;写作-评论&编辑;可视化。作者声明无利益冲突。 这项研究没有得到资助。
Friends in need: The value of supportive colleagues in research
Sometimes the way research in science and medicine works seems far out of the public reach. Yet we know that it is carried out by ordinary people who happen to have followed a path which interests them, and which might carry the benefit of helping patients. As for most human activities, it can be a difficult world racked with ambition, competition, emotion, and deception. It can also be fascinating and rewarding. The historical career structure was made for men and it has always been difficult for women. In the end, the zigzag path to achievement depends on determination, talent, and on luck. One aspect not often mentioned is the importance of friendship between colleagues, often soured by competition. Our story is of a platonic partnership, in research into chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), between two individuals, one an Italian male clinical scientist and the other a British female scientist (Figure 1). We did not work directly together, but in parallel, sharing the good things and supporting each other through the bad. The results of our efforts were to help to transform our knowledge of CLL, with insight into the biology providing the best prognostic indicator for patients and clinicians. The expansion of understanding then formed a foundation for novel targeted therapies. Our careers in translational hematology reflect the twists and turns of research during our time. Things have changed, but the excitement and fun of research remain for the next generations to enjoy.
Freda: In my time it was difficult for a lone woman to make a difference in medical research. Not only did society load on all the expectations which go with being female, especially when there are children, but the male-dominated structures blocked progress. I look back at a career in what became “translational science,” operating at the interface between the laboratory and the clinic, beginning in the 1960s to the present. Many things have improved, with more awareness by institutions and male colleagues of problems facing women, but there are still many challenges. Hematology has always been open to science, but the power structure lies with clinicians, so results from the laboratory have to be first, comprehensible, and second, relevant to human disease.
It might seem odd now but, although I went through the usual undergraduate/postgraduate training, emerging with a DPhil from Oxford, I gave little thought to my career. The overwhelming ambition for women was to marry and have children so that is what I did. But, since my husband, George, was Australian and we moved there, I cheekily applied for a Lectureship in Biochemistry at Sydney University. In those days there was a shortage of applications and I forgot to mention that I was pregnant so I became a lecturer. This was pivotal because I was thrust into the academic structure and forced to find child care. It is obvious now that this is a way to go but I was a sort of pioneer, with no help available. On returning to Oxford in 1970, and then moving to Southampton in 1973, I decided to continue this route. By this time a creeping ambition to pursue a research career in cell biology had solidified and I continued, now with three children. Two major obstacles emerged: first, Southampton University was then unknown for basic haematological research, which meant no support due to reputational excellence; second, because I initially worked with George (not for long), it was assumed that all the ideas came from him. However, these disadvantages were counterbalanced by strong financial support from the Tenovus charity based in Cardiff which had endowed the Southampton laboratory and was receptive to grant applications. In the current darker days, it reminds us that investment is essential to build a team and to deliver novel findings. Even so it took years of publications and conference participation to establish my own reputation and this is where the support from Federico and others mattered.
Federico: Italian science had different but parallel problems. I was born in a small mountain village so in a sense I came from nowhere. I graduated in Medicine in 1973 at the University of Torino. Those days, to pursue an academic career, one had to comply with three rules almost etched in stone: to be male, exempt from military service and belong to a wealthy family. Except for the male sex this was not my situation and, after having served in the army, I had to accept extra jobs such as night shifts to earn a living while working daily in a university clinical department. The relationship with patients was a most enriching experience that triggered a passion for investigating how to overcome the biological barriers that protect tumours, and how to find ways to improve diagnosis and treatment.
In 1981, I had a most instructive post-doc experience in London at the Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital under the guidance of George Janossy. I was fascinated by the mechanistic approach to patient's investigation as opposed to descriptive observational studies. I decided to take this strategy to Torino and apply it to CLL. This made me enter the international conference circuit where I met Freda who had a key role in persuading me that immunology was reshaping clinical disciplines, namely hematology. International connections proved essential to have the support of my boss within the cabals of influential men. I was appointed Professor of Medicine in 1990. In 2003, I moved to San Raffaele University, Milano, where I founded the Departments of Oncology, of Onco-Hematology, and the Research Division of Molecular Oncology. I asked Freda to be my advisor and she was key to the scientific success of the program project on CLL and multiple myeloma funded by the charity Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC) highlighting the central role of the microenvironment in B-cell tumors.
For Freda, the first focus of research was on DNA vaccines against lymphoma. An important lesson was learned: even though she developed an effective fusion vaccine, and thought clinical trials would follow naturally, it soon became clear that there was no interest in vaccination from the pharmaceutical companies, who were (it turns out wrongly) negative about “genetic vaccines.” If COVID had any positive influence, it was to change this view, and her mentees in Southampton are now running clinical trials in Liverpool of a similar design against lung cancer.
Facing the brick wall, she had to develop a new direction. Another lesson was that progress depends on emerging technology, and she embraced the new science of immunogenetics. Applying this to B-cell tumors was obvious and she looked at CLL, previously a “boring accumulation of small lymphocytes.” Federico was applying his newly acquired experience in monoclonal antibodies to reveal the unusual phenotype of CLL cells.1 Freda looked at the immunogenetics of the B-cell receptor, which turned out to be a gold mine, dividing the disease into two separate groups derived from pre-germinal centre (GC) or post-GC cells, with important differences in prognosis revealed from the matched clinical data of Terry Hamblin and Nicholas (Nick) Chiorazzi.2, 3 The history of the discovery of the importance of the two subsets of CLL was subsequently published by Nick and Freda to celebrate the 20th anniversary in HemaSphere in 2020.4
The European Hematology Association (EHA) saw the importance and both were invited speakers at conferences organized by the EHA to share information on the exciting possibilities for the focused treatment of CLL. In 2014, Freda received the Jean Bernard Lifetime Achievement Award from EHA for her contributions to the advancement of hematology. Although she received subsequent awards, this was a precious first recognition of her findings. Freda and Federico combined their knowledge in a review of the phenotype and genotype of CLL.5 They also shared a project on the nature of anergy in CLL, with one of Federico's talented research fellows, Benedetta Apollonia, spending time in the Southampton laboratory.6 Importantly, the B-cell receptor turned out to be a target for inhibitory drugs, with new and effective therapies for the more aggressive subset showering into the clinic.
Support from male colleagues was rare in a competitive world, and the partnership of Freda with Federico was fortunate. Perhaps Federico not being from the United Kingdom, where the old-boy network often worked against females, helped. Although we knew each other for some years, we became much closer at a relatively late stage of our careers when we were both in our 50s. Three circumstances had a major influence in cementing our friendship and mutual respect. These illustrate some of the challenges and joys of lives in research.
Surviving in the competitive world of research requires many strengths. Challenges shift for each generation but remain dominated by pressures on funding, especially to implement new technology, creating competition for limited resources. Perhaps gender equality has improved but social aspects are often a rather neglected area. International conferences used to be challenging and Freda had to watch the men go to the bar together and then out for dinner, leaving her to a lonely hotel. She solved this by contacting female participants beforehand and arranging dinners together. If Federico was at the conference, she was assured of social contact and a pleasant interactive dinner, with lots of catch up on CLL and immunology. We have been fortunate to be “friends in need” and we hope that this kind of support can be found by all in the research community.
期刊介绍:
HemaSphere, as a publication, is dedicated to disseminating the outcomes of profoundly pertinent basic, translational, and clinical research endeavors within the field of hematology. The journal actively seeks robust studies that unveil novel discoveries with significant ramifications for hematology.
In addition to original research, HemaSphere features review articles and guideline articles that furnish lucid synopses and discussions of emerging developments, along with recommendations for patient care.
Positioned as the foremost resource in hematology, HemaSphere augments its offerings with specialized sections like HemaTopics and HemaPolicy. These segments engender insightful dialogues covering a spectrum of hematology-related topics, including digestible summaries of pivotal articles, updates on new therapies, deliberations on European policy matters, and other noteworthy news items within the field. Steering the course of HemaSphere are Editor in Chief Jan Cools and Deputy Editor in Chief Claire Harrison, alongside the guidance of an esteemed Editorial Board comprising international luminaries in both research and clinical realms, each representing diverse areas of hematologic expertise.