A review on multifunctional applications of nanoparticles: Analyzing their multi-physical properties

Nanoparticles display distinctive physicochemical characteristics, facilitating progress across various domains, including biomedicine, energy, the environment, and electronics. Their synthesis via bottom-up, top-down, and hybrid methods enables precise control over size, shape, and surface functionality. Techniques like TEM, SEM, DLS, and XRD offer essential insights into the structural and functional attributes. The diverse characteristics of nanoparticles mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical are crucial for a wide array of applications, including drug delivery, imaging, energy storage, and environmental remediation. Nonetheless, obstacles related to scalability, toxicity, and stability impede their wider implementation. The ongoing investigation emphasizes the incorporation of eco-friendly synthesizer techniques and composite nanomaterials to improve performance while tackling environmental and health issues. Despite notable advancements, a substantial gap remains in the scalable production of multifunctional nanoparticles that maintain consistent quality while minimizing environmental impacts. Moreover, the absence of thorough regulatory frameworks for toxicity and safety assessment restricts their clinical and industrial uses. This study presents a unique approach by investigating hybrid synthesis techniques that integrate organic and inorganic elements, resulting in improved stability, specific functionality, and reduced negative effects. Furthermore, progress in real-time characterization and nanoscale modeling aims to accurately predict and manage aggregation and interaction dynamics. Future investigations should focus on enhancing eco-friendly synthesis methods and sophisticated characterization techniques to address issues related to reproducibility and scalability. By tackling regulatory and ethical challenges through the establishment of global standards, we can enhance the secure incorporation of nanoparticles into essential applications, promoting sustainable development throughout various sectors.