Caffeic acid-Fe3+ nanohybrids loaded with berberine/baicalin for NIR-activated antibacterial therapy via ROS generation and photothermal effects

The escalating threat of bacterial infections underscores the pressing need for innovative antibacterial solutions. In this study, BA-BBR@MPN nanoparticles (BA-BBR@MPN NPs) were synthesized through the self-assembly of berberine (BBR) and baicalin (BA), followed by modification with a metal-phenolic network (MPN) derived from caffeic acid and Fe³⁺. In the slightly acidic environment of the infected site, the MPN decomposes to release iron ions, BBR, and BA. The iron ions catalyze the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) from hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), enabling chemodynamic therapy (CDT) while simultaneously depleting glutathione levels. When combined with 808 nm laser-induced photothermal therapy (PTT), the system demonstrates synergistic antibacterial effects. Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the platform's broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, along with excellent biocompatibility and significant wound-healing promotion. This multifunctional nanoplatform represents a promising strategy for combating bacterial infections while simultaneously promoting tissue repair.