Utilizing annotated digital timelining in mathematics education research: Exploring elementary school teachers’ culturally relevant competencies and Finch robot orchestrations

Annotated digital timelining is an innovative visual research method that enhances mixed methods research by integrating qualitative and quantitative data in a unified visual format, facilitating in-depth analysis of constructs of interest over time. This paper draws upon two studies completed in elementary mathematics classrooms, one that examined teachers' learning trajectories of cultural competencies and another one that explored evolution of teachers’ Finch robot orchestrations, as illustrations of annotated digital timelining. These examples showcase the use of annotated digital timelining to merge results of quantitative and qualitative data analysis, reveal patterns, and provide insights that traditional research methods may overlook.