{"title":"雄性Long-Evans大鼠在无功能性联合核的情况下获得微量恐惧条件反射不需要激活海马背侧和腹侧NMDA受体。","authors":"Ru-Hsuan Liu, Chun-Hui Chang","doi":"10.1093/ijnp/pyaf065","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Importance: </strong>The nucleus reuniens (RE) is a crucial component that interconnects the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HPC), completing the HPC-dependent circuit underlying the regulation of trace fear. We previously demonstrated that RE inactivation during acquisition impaired the encoding of trace fear, while RE inactivation during both the acquisition and retrieval led to heightened trace fear throughout the test session, raising questions about the involvement of HPC-independent circuit in trace fear acquisition without functional RE.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate whether rats without functional RE throughout the entire behavioral sessions can acquire trace fear using an HPC-independent circuit.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A balanced factorial design was used to assess the role of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) or ventral hippocampus (VH) in trace fear acquisition with or without functional RE.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>The study was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Adult male Long-Evans rats were used as experimental subjects.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>Consecutive intracranial micro-infusions of either GABAA receptor agonist \"Muscimol\" or vehicle targeted the RE during both trace fear acquisition and retrieval. Micro-infusions of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist \"DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid\" or saline targeted the DH or VH during trace fear acquisition.</p><p><strong>Main outcomes: </strong>Fear level of respective groups was measured.</p><p><strong>Measures: </strong>Freezing was quantified as immobility during baseline and conditioned stimulus during trace fear acquisition and retrieval.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Control animals required proper DH or VH NMDA receptor activation for the acquisition of trace fear. Rats without functional RE still acquired trace fear, but independent of DH or VH NMDA receptor activation, suggesting the reliance of an HPC-independent circuit during fear encoding.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and relevance: </strong>These findings highlighted potential alternative neural pathways that may support and compensate trace fear acquisition under pathological conditions. Significance Statement Impaired fear regulation resulted in psychiatric disorders like panic disorder and anxiety. Pavlovian trace fear conditioning using male Long-Evans rats as the subjects models human emotional learning. Although hippocampus (HPC)-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) interactions facilitate trace fear acquisition, the role of thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE), which connects these regions, is unclear. In this study, we found that in terms of within-session fear expression during acquisition, dorsal hippocampus (DH) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade impaired fear response only in RE-intact rats, whereas ventral hippocampus (VH) blockade impaired the response regardless of the RE functionality. Critically, rats without functional RE still acquired trace fear memory independent of DH or VH NMDA receptor activation, indicating the recruitment of alternative HPC-independent pathways. These findings highlight possible compensatory pathways engaged following RE dysfunction, providing insight into how the brain adapts under pathological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14134,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477607/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Acquisition of trace fear conditioning without functional nucleus reuniens did not require dorsal or ventral hippocampus NMDA receptor activation in male Long-Evans rats.\",\"authors\":\"Ru-Hsuan Liu, Chun-Hui Chang\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/ijnp/pyaf065\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Importance: </strong>The nucleus reuniens (RE) is a crucial component that interconnects the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HPC), completing the HPC-dependent circuit underlying the regulation of trace fear. We previously demonstrated that RE inactivation during acquisition impaired the encoding of trace fear, while RE inactivation during both the acquisition and retrieval led to heightened trace fear throughout the test session, raising questions about the involvement of HPC-independent circuit in trace fear acquisition without functional RE.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate whether rats without functional RE throughout the entire behavioral sessions can acquire trace fear using an HPC-independent circuit.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A balanced factorial design was used to assess the role of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) or ventral hippocampus (VH) in trace fear acquisition with or without functional RE.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>The study was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Adult male Long-Evans rats were used as experimental subjects.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>Consecutive intracranial micro-infusions of either GABAA receptor agonist \\\"Muscimol\\\" or vehicle targeted the RE during both trace fear acquisition and retrieval. Micro-infusions of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist \\\"DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid\\\" or saline targeted the DH or VH during trace fear acquisition.</p><p><strong>Main outcomes: </strong>Fear level of respective groups was measured.</p><p><strong>Measures: </strong>Freezing was quantified as immobility during baseline and conditioned stimulus during trace fear acquisition and retrieval.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Control animals required proper DH or VH NMDA receptor activation for the acquisition of trace fear. Rats without functional RE still acquired trace fear, but independent of DH or VH NMDA receptor activation, suggesting the reliance of an HPC-independent circuit during fear encoding.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and relevance: </strong>These findings highlighted potential alternative neural pathways that may support and compensate trace fear acquisition under pathological conditions. Significance Statement Impaired fear regulation resulted in psychiatric disorders like panic disorder and anxiety. Pavlovian trace fear conditioning using male Long-Evans rats as the subjects models human emotional learning. Although hippocampus (HPC)-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) interactions facilitate trace fear acquisition, the role of thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE), which connects these regions, is unclear. In this study, we found that in terms of within-session fear expression during acquisition, dorsal hippocampus (DH) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade impaired fear response only in RE-intact rats, whereas ventral hippocampus (VH) blockade impaired the response regardless of the RE functionality. Critically, rats without functional RE still acquired trace fear memory independent of DH or VH NMDA receptor activation, indicating the recruitment of alternative HPC-independent pathways. These findings highlight possible compensatory pathways engaged following RE dysfunction, providing insight into how the brain adapts under pathological conditions.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":14134,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.7000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-09-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477607/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaf065\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"CLINICAL NEUROLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaf065","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CLINICAL NEUROLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
重要性:重聚核(RE)是连接内侧前额叶皮层(mPFC)和海马体(HPC)的重要组成部分,完成了HPC依赖的回路,其基础是对痕量恐惧的调节。在此之前,我们已经证明,习得过程中RE失活会破坏痕量恐惧的编码,而习得和检索过程中RE失活会导致整个测试过程中痕量恐惧的增强,这就提出了在没有功能性RE的情况下,hpc独立回路是否参与痕量恐惧习得的问题。目的:探讨在整个行为过程中无功能性RE的大鼠是否可以通过hpc独立回路获得痕量恐惧。设计:采用平衡因子设计来评估背侧海马体(DH)或腹侧海马体(VH)在有或没有功能re的微量恐惧习得中的作用。环境:研究在受控的实验室环境中进行。实验对象:以成年雄性Long-Evans大鼠为实验对象。干预措施:在痕量恐惧获得和恢复过程中,连续颅内微量输注GABAA受体激动剂Muscimol或载体靶向RE。微量输注n -甲基- d -天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体拮抗剂“dl -2-氨基-5-磷酸戊酸”(APV)或生理盐水可靶向痕量恐惧获得过程中的DH或VH。主要结果:测量各组的恐惧水平。测量方法:在基线(BL)和条件刺激(CSs)期间,冻结被量化为不动。结果:对照动物需要适当激活DH或VH NMDA受体才能获得微量恐惧。没有功能RE的大鼠仍然获得了痕量的恐惧,但不依赖DH或VH NMDA受体的激活,这表明在恐惧编码过程中依赖于hpc独立的回路。结论和相关性:这些发现强调了病理条件下可能支持和补偿痕量恐惧习得的潜在替代神经通路。
Acquisition of trace fear conditioning without functional nucleus reuniens did not require dorsal or ventral hippocampus NMDA receptor activation in male Long-Evans rats.
Importance: The nucleus reuniens (RE) is a crucial component that interconnects the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HPC), completing the HPC-dependent circuit underlying the regulation of trace fear. We previously demonstrated that RE inactivation during acquisition impaired the encoding of trace fear, while RE inactivation during both the acquisition and retrieval led to heightened trace fear throughout the test session, raising questions about the involvement of HPC-independent circuit in trace fear acquisition without functional RE.
Objective: To investigate whether rats without functional RE throughout the entire behavioral sessions can acquire trace fear using an HPC-independent circuit.
Design: A balanced factorial design was used to assess the role of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) or ventral hippocampus (VH) in trace fear acquisition with or without functional RE.
Setting: The study was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment.
Participants: Adult male Long-Evans rats were used as experimental subjects.
Interventions: Consecutive intracranial micro-infusions of either GABAA receptor agonist "Muscimol" or vehicle targeted the RE during both trace fear acquisition and retrieval. Micro-infusions of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist "DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid" or saline targeted the DH or VH during trace fear acquisition.
Main outcomes: Fear level of respective groups was measured.
Measures: Freezing was quantified as immobility during baseline and conditioned stimulus during trace fear acquisition and retrieval.
Results: Control animals required proper DH or VH NMDA receptor activation for the acquisition of trace fear. Rats without functional RE still acquired trace fear, but independent of DH or VH NMDA receptor activation, suggesting the reliance of an HPC-independent circuit during fear encoding.
Conclusions and relevance: These findings highlighted potential alternative neural pathways that may support and compensate trace fear acquisition under pathological conditions. Significance Statement Impaired fear regulation resulted in psychiatric disorders like panic disorder and anxiety. Pavlovian trace fear conditioning using male Long-Evans rats as the subjects models human emotional learning. Although hippocampus (HPC)-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) interactions facilitate trace fear acquisition, the role of thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE), which connects these regions, is unclear. In this study, we found that in terms of within-session fear expression during acquisition, dorsal hippocampus (DH) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade impaired fear response only in RE-intact rats, whereas ventral hippocampus (VH) blockade impaired the response regardless of the RE functionality. Critically, rats without functional RE still acquired trace fear memory independent of DH or VH NMDA receptor activation, indicating the recruitment of alternative HPC-independent pathways. These findings highlight possible compensatory pathways engaged following RE dysfunction, providing insight into how the brain adapts under pathological conditions.
期刊介绍:
The central focus of the journal is on research that advances understanding of existing and new neuropsychopharmacological agents including their mode of action and clinical application or provides insights into the biological basis of psychiatric disorders and thereby advances their pharmacological treatment. Such research may derive from the full spectrum of biological and psychological fields of inquiry encompassing classical and novel techniques in neuropsychopharmacology as well as strategies such as neuroimaging, genetics, psychoneuroendocrinology and neuropsychology.