Environmental Enrichment for Farmed Ruminants Within a Positive Animal Welfare Framework.

Environmental enrichments include modifications to living spaces that allow animals to express highly motivated behaviors and experience positive welfare. In this narrative review, we describe the work to date and propose areas for future research on enrichments for farmed ruminants within a framework of positive animal welfare. The review is organized by the outcomes expected from access to enrichments, including rewarding experiences, choice, and control, as well as the development of long-term competence and resilience. We end with considerations for future research that will advance our understanding of enrichment as a component of ruminant welfare.