Systematic Review of Threats to Horseshoe Crabs and Implications for Conservation of Limulus polyphemus in Long Island Sound, USA.

AbstractHorseshoe crabs (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, Limulus polyphemus, Tachypleus gigas, and Tachypleus tridentatus) are experiencing population decline. A systematic review of 326 papers was conducted to assess the state of conservation of these species and provide recommendations for horseshoe crab conservation in Long Island Sound, USA. Major present-day threats to horseshoe crabs include overharvest and bycatch, habitat loss and degradation, climate change, and insufficient management. The declining populations of horseshoe crabs impact shorebirds and marine organisms, contributing to the threats facing endangered species. Protecting and restoring spawning areas and juvenile habitat, adopting alternative sources for use in the fishing and the biomedical industry, exploring captive breeding and head-starting programs, and public education present promising conservation strategies. Urgent action will be necessary to conserve horseshoe crabs and their vital ecological role in Long Island Sound.