Shaping a sustainable future: Climate-related stress and violence among women of reproductive age: A systematic review

Problem

Climate change is an escalating global crisis with disproportionate effects on women, particularly regarding exposure to gender-based violence (GBV). Yet, the intersection between climate-related stressors and GBV among women of reproductive age remains underexplored.

Background

Environmental disruptions such as droughts, heatwaves, and floods are increasingly linked to violence against women. These stressors often intensify economic hardship, displacement, and psychosocial stress—factors known to elevate GBV risk.

Aim

To systematically examine the association between climate-related stressors and experiences of GBV, including intimate partner violence (IPV), sexual violence, and child marriage among women aged 15–49 years.

Methods

A systematic review was reported in accordance with PRISMA 2020. Six databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies (2010–2024) reporting empirical data on climate stressors and GBV. Eligible studies included quantitative or mixed-methods research focused on women of reproductive age. Data were extracted and assessed for risk of bias using the ROBVIS tool.

Findings

Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria. Most were from low- and middle-income countries. Droughts and extreme heat were consistently associated with increased IPV, child marriage, and sexual violence. Mediating factors included displacement, food insecurity, and mental health challenges.

Discussion

Climate-related stressors amplify GBV risks via multiple pathways. Displacement, economic strain, and disrupted social protection mechanisms heighten women's vulnerability during environmental crises.

Conclusion

Climate adaptation efforts must incorporate gender-responsive strategies to prevent and respond to GBV. Addressing this intersection is essential to safeguard women’s health, rights, and resilience in a warming world.