Blockchain-enabled smart contracts for secure and transparent timber traceability

This study explores the application of blockchain-based smart contracts to improve traceability, transparency, and consumer trust in the timber industry. It focuses on challenges such as illegal logging and supply chain opacity by proposing a blockchain-enabled framework to manage key processes: timber harvest registration, quality assessment and certification, ownership transfer and consumer verification. The research demonstrates how smart contracts can automate and secure these operations, ensuring data integrity and streamlining supply chain interactions. A simulated blockchain environment was used to evaluate system performance. The results showed that the average transaction throughput reached 320 transactions per second, while the energy consumption per transaction decreased from 400 J to 200 J as the volume increased. Gas fees rose linearly with the complexity of the contract, highlighting the importance of operational optimization for efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The novelty of the study lies in its holistic integration of blockchain and smart contracts into timber supply chain workflows. It emphasizes not only technical implementation, but also scalability, energy efficiency, and the need for auditable, privacy-preserving systems. The proposed model offers practical information for improving legality, sustainability and accountability in the global timber trade.