DR-MIM: Zero-shot cross-lingual transfer via disentangled representation and mutual information maximization

Multilingual models have made significant progress in cross-lingual transferability through large-scale pretraining. However, the generated global representations are often mixed with language-specific noise, limiting their effectiveness in low-resource language scenarios. This paper explores how to more efficiently utilize the representations learned by multilingual pretraining models by separating language-invariant features from language-specific ones. To this end, we propose a novel cross-lingual transfer framework, DR-MIM, which explicitly decouples universal and language-specific features, reduces noise interference, and improves model stability and accuracy. Additionally, we introduce a mutual information maximization mechanism to strengthen the correlation between universal features and model outputs, further optimizing the quality of semantic representations. We conducted a systematic evaluation of this method on three cross-lingual natural language understanding benchmark datasets. On the TyDiQA dataset, DR-MIM improved the F1 score by 1.7% and the EM score by 4.5% over the best baseline. To further validate the model’s generalization capability, we introduced two new tasks: paraphrase identification and natural language inference, and designed both within-language and cross-language analysis experiments. All experiments collectively covered 22 languages. Further ablation studies, generalization analysis, and visualization results all confirm the effectiveness and adaptability of our approach.