Applications and future prospects of laser technologies in the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Background: Bladder cancer (BCa) represents a common malignancy of the urinary system across the globe and poses significant treatment challenges.

Objective: This review comprehensively examined the application of laser technology in the treatment of BCa, including thulium (Tm) lasers (e.g., Tm-doped yttrium aluminium garnet [YAG]), GreenLight lasers (e.g., potassium titanyl phosphate-doped YAG and lead aluminum borate-doped YAG), holmium lasers (e.g., Ho-doped YAG), Tm fiber laser (TFL), and diode lasers. Studies have demonstrated that laser technology effectively improves tumor resection quality, reduces intraoperative bleeding, shortens recovery time, and lowers recurrence rates. Among these, Ho-doped YAG and Tm-doped YAG lasers have been shown to reduce tissue damage and enhance resection precision, while the TFL has attracted attention for its efficient tissue cutting and minimal thermal damage. GreenLight lasers offer advantages in preserving surrounding healthy tissues and demonstrate potential for use in outpatient settings. Diode lasers, known for their high-energy efficiency, contribute to improved overall treatment efficacy. This article further explored the benefits, drawbacks, and prospective uses of each laser technology in BCa treatment.

Conclusion: This article thoroughly reviewed the applications of various laser technologies in BCa treatment, highlight their benefits and limitations, and assess their potential roles in future clinical practice.