An Exploration of Culture in General Surgery Training Programs: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to systematically explore how culture has been conceptualized, investigated, and measured within general surgery residency training programs. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Research on the culture of general surgery residency training programs has primarily focused on examining individual parameters, such as mistreatment and burnout, rather than comprehensively analyzing the overall culture, climate, or learning environment. METHODS Five databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, APA PsycInfo) were searched. The searches included a combination of controlled vocabulary and keyword terms related to culture, environment, climate, and general surgery training. Two reviewers performed title and abstract screening and full text review. A narrative synthesis was performed. RESULTS Seven studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. Most studies (n=6, 85.7%) were conducted in the United States. Four studies (57.1%) were single-center and three (42.9%) were multi-center studies. Only two studies defined and three measured culture, climate, or the learning environment using validated instruments. The included studies explored various components and outcomes of culture, including teaching, training, and learning opportunities; workload, resources, and support; well-being, stress, and suicidal ideation; duty hour violations and burnout; mistreatment, harassment, discrimination, and abuse; and job satisfaction and attrition. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review revealed significant heterogeneity in the ways in which culture has been evaluated and characterized within the general surgery training literature. A more unified approach to exploring organizational culture in general surgery training programs would allow for advancement of the field.