Antibody Therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Strategy for Targeted Therapy and Blood–Brain Barrier Delivery

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and neuronal loss, with pathological hallmarks including Aβ plaque deposition and tau tangles. At present, the early diagnosis and treatment of AD still face great challenges, such as limited diagnostic methods, difficulty in blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration, complex disease mechanisms, and lack of highly effective targeted therapies. Antibody drugs have shown broad prospects in the field of AD due to their high specificity, engineering and multifunctional therapeutic potential, include targeted Aβ clearance, tau pathological regulation, imaging probes, and blood biomarkers. In the future, with the development of antibody engineering technologies (such as PROTAC-antibody conjugates and antibody-based gene therapies), the precision diagnosis and treatment of AD is expected to usher in new breakthroughs. This article systematically reviews the latest advances in the treatment and diagnosis of AD and discusses their potential for clinical translation.