核电站正常运行时氚向环境释放的预测

IF 0.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
D. A. Vlasov, D. D. Desyatov, A. A. Ekidin
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引用次数: 0

摘要

氚(3H)是核电站排放和排放的主要剂量形成放射性核素之一。考虑到目前的3H排放水平,可以预测其释放到环境中的未来电力生产变化,以及在建设新的有前途的发电机组期间。目的预测不同类型反应堆的核电厂在正常运行期间排放和排放的氢排放量。资料与方法对美国、俄罗斯、欧洲和其他国家的66个、10个、55个和38个核电厂的年排放和3H排放数据进行了分析。具体的排放和排放指标以电能年生产的年排放和排放活动的归一化值为标准。结果分析了各类型反应堆核电站正常运行期间排放到环境中的3H年活度数据。考虑了1985-2022年期间3H比排放和排放的动态。除了压水堆和沸水堆外,所有类型的核反应堆的指标都没有增加的趋势。根据3H比排放和排放值对压水堆、沸水堆、VVER、RBMK+EGP、GCR+AGR、PHWR和快堆7种反应堆类型的核电机组进行了最佳、最差和可持续分类排序。在乐观、可能和悲观三种情况下,对核电站排放和排放的氚向环境中的释放量进行了预测。为了评估新设计的核电站是否符合核电系统可持续发展的基本INPRO原则,我们确定了具体指标的最低可达到水平:3H排放和排放分别为2.62∙10−2和7.19∙10−2 GBq/(GWh)。根据2050年核电站排放总量氚释放量预测,乐观情景下氚活度不超过1.38∙107 GBq;悲观情景和可能情景的产量分别为4.73∙107和3.73∙107 GBq。在核电厂发电的上限,考虑到2050年氚的衰变,氚的累积活度估计为4.68∙108 GBq,为其自然平衡含量的18%。目前的工作是关于氚的系列文章的第二部分:该研究使用了第一部分“氚向环境的全球释放:核电站反应堆类型的贡献”的结果。该丛书的下一项工作计划在不久的将来出版,其目的是评估在核电站正常运行期间进入环境的个人和集体剂量的氚。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Forecast of tritium release into the environment during the normal operation of nuclear power plants

Background

Tritium (3H) is one of the main dose-forming radionuclides in emissions and discharges of nuclear power plants (NPPs). Taking into account the current levels of 3H discharges and emissions, its release into the environment can be predicted for the future change in electricity production, as well as during the construction of new promising power units.

Aim

To forecast the release of 3H from emissions and discharges during normal operation of NPPs with different types of reactors.

Materials and methods

A large array of data on the annual discharge and emission of 3H by NPPs was analyzed: 66, 10, 55, and 38 NPPs in the USA, Russia, Europe, and other countries, respectively. The normalized values for the annual activity of emissions and discharges to the annual production of electrical energy are taken as specific emission and discharge indicators.

Results

An analysis of data on the annual activity of 3H released into the environment during normal operation of NPPs with all types of reactor plants was conducted. The dynamics of 3H specific emissions and discharges in the period 1985–2022 is considered. The absence of a tendency towards an increase in the indicators was shown for all types of nuclear reactors, with the exception of PWRs and BWRs. The ranking of NPPs with seven types of reactors (PWR, BWR, VVER, RBMK+EGP, GCR+AGR, PHWR, and FBR) was carried out in the best, worst, and sustainable categories according to the value of 3H specific emissions and discharges. A forecast of tritium release into the environment from emissions and discharges of NPPs was made under optimistic, probable, and pessimistic scenarios.

Conclusion

To assess the compliance of newly designed NPPs with the basic INPRO principle of sustainable development for the nuclear power system, we determined the minimum achievable levels of specific indicators: 2.62∙10−2 and 7.19∙10−2 GBq/(GWh) for 3H emissions and discharges, respectively. According to our forecast of the total tritium release from emissions and discharges of NPPs in 2050, the tritium activity will not exceed 1.38∙107 GBq under the optimistic scenario; pessimistic and probable scenarios yield in 4.73∙107 and 3.73∙107 GBq, respectively. At the upper limit of NPP power generation, the accumulated activity of tritium, taking into account its decay by 2050, is estimated at 4.68∙108 GBq, which will be 18% of its natural equilibrium content. The present work is the 2nd part of a series of articles on tritium: the study uses the results of the 1st part “Global release of tritium into the environment: NPP reactor type contribution”. The next work in the series, planned for publication in the near future, aims to assess individual and collective doses of tritium entering the environment during normal operation of NPPs.

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来源期刊
Atomic Energy
Atomic Energy 工程技术-核科学技术
CiteScore
1.00
自引率
20.00%
发文量
100
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: Atomic Energy publishes papers and review articles dealing with the latest developments in the peaceful uses of atomic energy. Topics include nuclear chemistry and physics, plasma physics, accelerator characteristics, reactor economics and engineering, applications of isotopes, and radiation monitoring and safety.
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