Comparison of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 and [18F]FDG PET/CT for detection of bone metastases of lung cancer.

Background: Bone metastases of lung cancer typically indicate disease progression and poor prognosis. Early and accurate detection is crucial for staging, treatment planning, and prognostic evaluation. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic value of gallium 68-labeled fibroblast-activation protein inhibitor-04 ([⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI-04) and fluorine 18-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose ([¹⁸F]FDG) positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging in detecting bone metastases in lung cancer.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with pathologically confirmed lung cancer and clinically suspected bone metastases. These patients underwent both [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 and [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT imaging. Initially, all patient images were visually evaluated, and the diagnostic efficacy of the two imaging methods was compared at both the patient and lesion levels for detecting bone metastases from lung cancer. Additionally, a semi-quantitative analysis was performed to compare the optimal maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) threshold and diagnostic efficacy of the two examinations for diagnosing benign and malignant bone lesions.

Results: A total of 25 lung cancer patients were included in the study, with nine confirmed cases and 133 lesions of bone metastases. At the patient level, there were no statistically significant differences in the detection rate, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, or accuracy between [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 and [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT for identifying patients with bone metastases (P>0.05). At the lesion level, the detection rate, sensitivity, negative predictive value, and accuracy of [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT for detecting bone metastases were higher than those of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT (81.37% vs. 57.14%, 98.50% vs. 69.17%, 88.24% vs. 34.92%, 90.68% vs. 70.81%), with statistically significant differences (P<0.01). The SUVmax of malignant bone lesions on both [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 and [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT was significantly higher than those of benign bone lesions, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Moreover, the SUVmax of benign and malignant bone lesions on [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT was significantly higher than those on [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT, with statistically significant differences (P<0.01). In [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 and [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT imaging, the area under the curves (AUCs) of SUVmax for diagnosing bone metastases were 0.856 and 0.724, respectively, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05); the optimal diagnostic thresholds were 5.38 and 3.77, respectively. The sensitivity, negative predictive value, and accuracy of SUVmax based on [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT for diagnosing lung cancer bone metastases were higher than those based on [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT (80.45% vs. 65.26%, 46.49% vs. 23.26%, 81.25% vs. 67.29%), with statistically significant differences (P<0.05).

Conclusions: Compared to [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT significantly improves the detection rate of lung cancer bone metastases at the lesion level. Additionally, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT offers superior image contrast and higher SUVmax, which also contribute to improving the accuracy of lung cancer bone metastasis diagnosis. This allows for more accurate staging of patients, enabling precise individualized treatment and improving patient prognosis.