Pioneer of bacterial genetics: the legacy of Esther Miriam Lederberg.

Esther Miriam Lederberg's brilliant scientific lifework, from the discovery of phage lambda, bacterial conjugation, and replica plating, provided essential tools that have been shaping the field of bacterial genetics for decades. Fundamental principles and ideas derived from her work have influenced many significant discoveries in microbial genetics over the past 70 years. From the operon model to recombinant DNA technology, from antibiotic resistance research to the discovery of restriction enzymes, Esther's work has set the stage for groundbreaking scientific work including many Nobel Prizes. Despite her discoveries, her contributions were often overlooked, and recognition was often given to her collaborators, particularly her husband. Thus, beyond her scientific impact, her perseverance and her ability to circumvent societal conventions are among her most important legacies that have been paving the way for future generations of scientists. In this article, we honor Esther Lederberg by revisiting her scientific discoveries, exploring how they influenced our current understanding of molecular genetics, and reflecting on the broader importance of recognizing and rewarding equity in the scientific community.