Language barriers and cultural differences in childbirth: A qualitative study of Somali women's experiences in Norway.

Introduction: Somali women represent a significant proportion of the non-Western migrant population in Europe. Language barriers and cultural differences can hinder these women from having a positive childbirth experience. This study aims to explore how Somali women with limited language proficiency experience childbirth in Norway.

Methods: Social media and snowball method was used to recruit eight Somali women with limited Norwegian language skills who had given birth in Norway within the past three years. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were performed during December 2023-January 2024. Thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke was used.

Results: The study identified three themes: communication and language challenges, relationships with midwives, and cultural differences and health literacy. Communication difficulties, mainly due to language barriers, contributed to feelings of insecurity among the women. Non-verbal communication and husbands acting as interpreters were important for understanding, especially since there were insufficient professional interpreters available. While many women mentioned feeling safe and supported by midwives, some felt alienated and faced stereotypical attitudes. Religious beliefs significantly shaped birthing experiences, leading to a preference for female doctors for both religious and cultural reasons. Limited health literacy contributed to misunderstandings regarding perineal tears and their severity.

Conclusions: Culturally sensitive care and personalized communication are crucial in preventing misunderstandings and ensuring that vital information is clearly communicated. By enhancing midwives' cultural awareness and multicultural competence, they can offer more tailored and effective support, fostering a positive childbirth experience for women from diverse backgrounds. This approach ultimately leads to improved outcomes and strengthens trust between women and healthcare professionals.