Moving from manufactured ambivalence to building power: Recommendations for voter engagement interventions through a participatory project with formerly incarcerated people.

Felony re-enfranchisement efforts have expanded voting rights of formerly incarcerated people (FIP) across 26 states. Despite progress, research demonstrates low voter turnout and civic participation among this structurally marginalized population. We conducted a community-based participatory research project, rooted in the framework of critical consciousness, to understand how FIP experience voting. We conducted five semi-structured focus groups with 32 FIP; the majority of people were of color (85%). We find FIP articulate a nuanced, structural analysis of the injustices they face at the intersection of numerous public-serving systems, including the legal and electoral systems. Notably, they are not apathetic toward voting or civic participation. Rather, we note manufactured ambivalence as an emotional response stemming from their critical reflection-that is, while they simultaneously articulate that their needs will not be met by the system and things do not change, they are also attuned to how powerful actors, particularly politicians, make decisions impacting their lives. Despite gaps in civic education due to community disinvestment, FIP express a strong desire for building both individual and collective efficacy to address oppression. We generate key components that future initiatives should consider for promoting civics education, voting, and building political power with FIP.