Recent Advances in Copper-Based Catalysts for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction to C2+ Products

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂RR) to produce C₂₊ products is extremely important. It serves as a crucial link in realizing efficient carbon cycle utilization and promoting sustainable energy development. Among various catalyst fields, copper-based materials stand out. Their unique electronic and surface properties give them an advantage in selectively converting carbon dioxide into C₂₊ compounds, thus attracting extensive research. However, challenges such as high overpotential, slow reaction kinetics, and low selectivity still persist. We analyzed various structural forms, ranging from single-metal copper with tunable morphologies, to copper with different oxidation states, and then to copper-doped diatomic single-atom catalysts (DSACs). We discussed the design strategies of these three major categories of catalysts, systematically compared their catalytic performances and underlying mechanisms, and provided design insights for the further preparation of C₂₊ products. Finally, the main challenges are outlined, the potential prospects of CO₂RR are proposed, and it is hoped that large-scale industrial applications can be achieved in the future.