Beyond averages: Mapping unequal learning and the dynamics of educational access in Jammu and Kashmir using Gini Decomposition Analysis

Educational inequality remains a persistent challenge in India, particularly in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, where disparities in access and attainment hinder socioeconomic progress. This study examines shifts in educational inequality over time and explores disparities based on geographic and socioeconomic factors. Using data from two rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4 and NFHS-5), we apply a Gini decomposition framework to distinguish between-group and within-group inequalities and employ a generalized ordered logistic regression model to assess determinants of educational attainment. Our findings indicate an overall increase in average years of schooling and a reduction in the Gini coefficient, yet significant disparities remain across gender, wealth status, and regional divisions. The results highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve access to education for rural populations, women, the Muslim community, and the Kashmir division. Strengthening school infrastructure, expanding e-learning resources, and promoting gender inclusive policies can help bridge these educational gaps and foster equitable progress.