Profit-driven distributed trading mechanism for IoT data

Data trading is a crucial means of unlocking the value of Internet of Things (IoT) data. However, IoT data differs from traditional material goods due to its intangible and replicable nature. This difference leads to ambiguous data rights, confusing pricing, and challenges in matching. Additionally, centralized IoT data trading platforms pose risks such as privacy leakage. To address these issues, we propose a profit-driven distributed trading mechanism for IoT data. First, a blockchain-based trading architecture for IoT data, leveraging the transparent and tamper-proof features of blockchain technology, is proposed to establish trust between data owners and data requesters. Second, an IoT data registration method that encompasses both rights confirmation and pricing is designed. The data right confirmation method uses non-fungible token to record ownership and authenticate IoT data. For pricing, we develop an IoT data value assessment index system and introduce a pricing model based on a combination of the sparrow search algorithm and the back propagation neural network. Finally, an IoT data matching method is designed based on the Stackelberg game. This establishes a Stackelberg game model involving multiple data owners and requesters, employing a hierarchical optimization method to determine the optimal purchase strategy. The security of the mechanism is analyzed and the performance of both the pricing method and matching method is evaluated. Experiments demonstrate that both methods outperform traditional approaches in terms of error rates and profit maximization.