Exploring the determinants of electric motorcycle adoption and changes in travel behavior: Insights from Indonesia

Electric motorcycles (EMs) have garnered increasing attention as a cleaner alternative to gasoline-powered vehicles, offering substantial potential for reducing air pollution. While recent research has examined factors influencing EM adoption, limited studies have linked psychological and demographic determinants to actual usage behavior and mode shifts, particularly within the Indonesian context. To bridge this gap, the study extends the UTAUT2 framework by incorporating perceived safety, environmental concern, and policy measures. It examines both EM adoption intentions and resulting changes in travel behavior. Data were gathered from 445 EM users in Jakarta, Indonesia, and analyzed using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling. Findings indicate that performance expectancy, social influence, hedonic motivation, habits, and perceived safety significantly influence the intention to adopt EMs. This intention, in turn, increases EM usage, reduces dependence on private vehicles, and complements public transport. Demographic factors moderate key relationships: age affects how habits shape EM usage, income and education impact how performance expectancy influences intention. Education also strengthens the role of perceived safety and hedonic motivation on intention. User satisfaction further reinforces the connection between intention and actual usage. Expanding charging infrastructure, improving battery technology, and promoting stylish design and user testimonials are recommended to accelerate adoption.