Francesco Santi , Fabrizio Buldrini , Luca Di Nuzzo , Riccardo Santolini , Alessandro Chiarucci
{"title":"欧盟生境指令适用于非欧盟国家:圣马力诺案例","authors":"Francesco Santi , Fabrizio Buldrini , Luca Di Nuzzo , Riccardo Santolini , Alessandro Chiarucci","doi":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127060","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the European Union, biodiversity conservation is guided by the Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive (HD), which provided the foundational policy for Natura 2000, the World’s largest coordinated network of protected areas. The Republic of San Marino, a European non-EU microstate enclaved within Italy, has ratified the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, but does not have a formalised area-based conservation strategy. In this study we test the adoption of the HD to the Republic of San Marino, by producing a formalised list of habitat types and a map of their distribution. We created a list of potential habitat types present in the country by extracting those located in a 10 km radius of the Italian prtoected areas surrounding San Marino. To verify their presence in the country, we actively surveyed vegetation plots in the period 2019–2022. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling to provide an ordination of the plots and analyse gradients in habitats at the country scale. We confirmed the presence of 9 habitat types and excluded 22 additional types. Despite the relatively small cover of confirmed habitat types (2.71 km<sup>2</sup>; 4.4 % of the country territory), some of them are quite rare in the surrounding areas, highlighting the importance of local conservation measures and integration of the San Marino policy with Italian policies. The adoption of HD by non-EU states such as the Republic of San Marino could be a simple but valuable step to develop an area-based conservation strategy at the country level, aligned with the surrounding context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54898,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Nature Conservation","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 127060"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Towards the application of EU Habitats Directive to a non-EU country: the case of San Marino\",\"authors\":\"Francesco Santi , Fabrizio Buldrini , Luca Di Nuzzo , Riccardo Santolini , Alessandro Chiarucci\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127060\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>In the European Union, biodiversity conservation is guided by the Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive (HD), which provided the foundational policy for Natura 2000, the World’s largest coordinated network of protected areas. The Republic of San Marino, a European non-EU microstate enclaved within Italy, has ratified the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, but does not have a formalised area-based conservation strategy. In this study we test the adoption of the HD to the Republic of San Marino, by producing a formalised list of habitat types and a map of their distribution. We created a list of potential habitat types present in the country by extracting those located in a 10 km radius of the Italian prtoected areas surrounding San Marino. To verify their presence in the country, we actively surveyed vegetation plots in the period 2019–2022. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling to provide an ordination of the plots and analyse gradients in habitats at the country scale. We confirmed the presence of 9 habitat types and excluded 22 additional types. Despite the relatively small cover of confirmed habitat types (2.71 km<sup>2</sup>; 4.4 % of the country territory), some of them are quite rare in the surrounding areas, highlighting the importance of local conservation measures and integration of the San Marino policy with Italian policies. The adoption of HD by non-EU states such as the Republic of San Marino could be a simple but valuable step to develop an area-based conservation strategy at the country level, aligned with the surrounding context.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":54898,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal for Nature Conservation\",\"volume\":\"88 \",\"pages\":\"Article 127060\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.5000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-08-20\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal for Nature Conservation\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1617138125002377\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal for Nature Conservation","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1617138125002377","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION","Score":null,"Total":0}
Towards the application of EU Habitats Directive to a non-EU country: the case of San Marino
In the European Union, biodiversity conservation is guided by the Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive (HD), which provided the foundational policy for Natura 2000, the World’s largest coordinated network of protected areas. The Republic of San Marino, a European non-EU microstate enclaved within Italy, has ratified the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, but does not have a formalised area-based conservation strategy. In this study we test the adoption of the HD to the Republic of San Marino, by producing a formalised list of habitat types and a map of their distribution. We created a list of potential habitat types present in the country by extracting those located in a 10 km radius of the Italian prtoected areas surrounding San Marino. To verify their presence in the country, we actively surveyed vegetation plots in the period 2019–2022. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling to provide an ordination of the plots and analyse gradients in habitats at the country scale. We confirmed the presence of 9 habitat types and excluded 22 additional types. Despite the relatively small cover of confirmed habitat types (2.71 km2; 4.4 % of the country territory), some of them are quite rare in the surrounding areas, highlighting the importance of local conservation measures and integration of the San Marino policy with Italian policies. The adoption of HD by non-EU states such as the Republic of San Marino could be a simple but valuable step to develop an area-based conservation strategy at the country level, aligned with the surrounding context.
期刊介绍:
The Journal for Nature Conservation addresses concepts, methods and techniques for nature conservation. This international and interdisciplinary journal encourages collaboration between scientists and practitioners, including the integration of biodiversity issues with social and economic concepts. Therefore, conceptual, technical and methodological papers, as well as reviews, research papers, and short communications are welcomed from a wide range of disciplines, including theoretical ecology, landscape ecology, restoration ecology, ecological modelling, and others, provided that there is a clear connection and immediate relevance to nature conservation.
Manuscripts without any immediate conservation context, such as inventories, distribution modelling, genetic studies, animal behaviour, plant physiology, will not be considered for this journal; though such data may be useful for conservationists and managers in the future, this is outside of the current scope of the journal.