A State-Of-The-Art Review of Aquatic eDNA Sampling Technologies and Instrumentation: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Prospects

The field of environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has revolutionized our ability to detect and monitor biodiversity in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. However, traditional eDNA sampling methods often present limitations in terms of temporal and spatial coverage, resulting in a loss of resolution associated with infrequent events or those prohibitive to onsite fieldwork. In recent years, the emergence of autonomous eDNA sampling technology has provided researchers with a powerful tool for collecting high-resolution genetic data, overcoming many of the challenges associated with manual sample acquisition. This review focuses exclusively on eDNA technologies designed for the collection and preservation of water samples, to provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of aquatic autonomous eDNA sampling technology and instrumentation. A new era of instrument development and capabilities is emerging; the result of knowledge gained through experience with long-tested marine biological observation instrumentation. Lastly, we highlight current research to develop an in situ eDNA analytical capability, as well as explore the challenges and future prospects associated with this rapidly evolving field.