Antidiabetic effect of spray dried camel milk powder formulations on the growth performance, histopathological and metagenomic investigation of high fat diet induced type-II diabetic Wistar rats

The aim of this investigation was to assess the antidiabetic characteristics of different types of spray-dried camel milk formulations administered orally to type II diabetic Wistar rats induced with a high-fat diet (HFD). Compared with the model control condition (T-2), treatment with the standard drug (T-3), pasteurized milk (T-4), sterilized milk (T-5), milk powder (T-6), or fermented curd (T-7) significantly (p < 0.0001) prevented the increase (123.3 ± 04.56, 121.1 ± 11.24, 116.7 ± 06.99, 152.3 ± 04.26 and 134.2 ± 06.58 mg/dL, respectively) in fasting blood glucose levels. Compared with those of the model control (T-2), the glucose levels of the treatment groups, with the exception of T-3, were significantly lower. The peak level of glucose in the model control group (T-2) was found at 30–60 min (356.4 ± 12.74 mg/dL and 368.4 ± 11.38 mg/dL), which was significantly (p < 0.0001) greater than that in the control group (T-1) (165.1 ± 17.09 mg/dL and 195.5 ± 6.047 mg/dL). Histopathology of the heart revealed normal cardiomyocytes that were elongated and rod shaped in all the groups. Pathological changes were observed in organs such as the liver, heart, kidney, intestine and pancreas but were not significant. The alpha diversity was not significantly different among the different groups. However, T-1 presented a greater number of taxa than did the other treatment groups. The beta diversity measure of the metagenomics analysis revealed the taxonomic diversity between the samples. The results of the present study indicated that T-7 fed for 2 weeks exerted a beneficial effect on type II diabetic rats via improvements in glucose levels, insulin levels, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, and lipid profiles, suggesting a potential role in the treatment of diabetes in the future.