Melt reactions and timescales of melting in pelitic rocks—a case study from the Garhwal Himalaya

The nature, location, longevity and pressure-temperature conditions of different crustal melt reactions during orogenesis provide constraints on the structure, mechanical strength and exhumation of orogenic middle crust as well as element mobilisation and crustal differentiation. The Himalayan orogen offers a natural laboratory for studying crustal melting by exposing both migmatites and leucogranites in its structurally highest levels. We combine previous frameworks that link petrography or bulk geochemistry to melt reaction with in-situ trace-element analyses of large-ion lithophile elements in feldspar, mica, and garnet, U-Th-Pb isotopes in monazite and zircon and thermometry calculations in samples from the Badrinath region of the Garhwal Himalaya. Our samples naturally fall into three groups that we interpret as having formed by fluid-present melting of muscovite (Group 1, all migmatites; 650–750 °C), muscovite dehydration melting (Group 2, migmatites, leucosomes and leucogranites; 730–800 °C) and biotite dehydration melting (exemplified by a single leucogranite that contained zoned and inclusion-rich garnet and porpyroblastic K-feldspar). Geochronological data suggest that melting occurred over 20 Ma, with different samples experiencing different reactions and capturing different parts of the record at different times. Despite experiencing the same thermal history, individual outcrops typically only record one melting reaction instead of a progression through fluid-present melting followed by muscovite-dehydration melting. We interpreted this as being due to local compositional variations and availability of fluids. Our results show that petrographic observations and the mineral chemistry record are similar between (source) migmatites and (product) granites, but that fluid-present reactions are only documented in migmatites.