Private networks: Evolution, ecosystem, use cases, architecture, spectrum, and deployment challenges

Private networks have reshaped enterprise communications by providing unmatched control, security, and tailored solutions for various industries. This paper presents an in-depth survey of private networks, covering their evolution, current landscape, and future outlook. Key topics include the use cases, architecture, spectrum management, and deployment strategies. The study examines the transition from private 4G/LTE to private 5G networks, fueled by demands for higher data throughput and ultra-low latency across sectors. It highlights the advantages of private 5G over public mobile networks (MNOs) and Wi-Fi, with a special focus on spectrum sharing as a means to optimize frequency use. Additionally, the paper reviews global spectrum allocations for private 5G, providing an overview of regulatory frameworks and available frequency bands across countries. It also explores future prospects, including private 6G networks and emerging spectrum technologies. Key challenges such as high deployment costs, interoperability issues, and security concerns are discussed alongside potential solutions. Through this comprehensive analysis, the paper aims to provide valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in the field of private networks.