Hands-free interaction system using eye tracking for people with physical disabilities.

Purpose: This study presents and evaluates a hands-free eye-tracking interaction system aimed at empowering individuals with physical disabilities by facilitating inclusive digital access, in alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and 10 (Reduced Inequalities).

Methods: The system's performance was assessed through accuracy testing, data transmission speed measurement, and frame rate stability analysis. Eye gestures were repeatedly recorded from a single user to evaluate system accuracy and responsiveness. Additionally, usability feedback was collected from 10 participants through structured questionnaires.

Results: Accuracy testing showed tightly clustered gaze points with an estimated accuracy of 90-95%. Data transmission was highly efficient, averaging 0.0003 s per data point, with consistently high throughput. The system maintained a stable frame rate of approximately 30 frames per second, enabling smooth real-time performance. User evaluations highlighted ease of use, comfort, responsiveness, and the potential to enable independent computer access, with high overall satisfaction ratings.

Conclusions: The results indicate that the proposed eye-tracking system effectively combines technical performance with user-centered design. By enabling accessible communication and interaction, it promotes digital inclusion and reduces barriers to technology for people with physical disabilities.

Significance: This technology offers a practical, inclusive solution that advances health, well-being, and social equity, supporting sustainable development through enhanced accessibility and empowerment.