Sean T Allen, Edmund Keane, Clinton Alexander, Sharon Day, Philomena Kebec, Andrea Medley, Frank Johnson, Pam Hughes, Brooklynn Barney, Melissa Walls
{"title":"美国部落附属注射器服务项目：简要报告。","authors":"Sean T Allen, Edmund Keane, Clinton Alexander, Sharon Day, Philomena Kebec, Andrea Medley, Frank Johnson, Pam Hughes, Brooklynn Barney, Melissa Walls","doi":"10.1186/s12954-025-01296-8","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Few studies have examined the implementation of syringe services programs (SSPs) that serve Indigenous people who inject drugs in the United States (US). There are 574 Federally-recognized tribes in the US, each characterized by unique traditions, values, and customs. Given the diversity of tribes, better understanding SSP implementation in Native contexts first requires examining the degree to which tribes in the US implemented these programs.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This research describes the number of SSPs that are affiliated with Federally-recognized tribes in the US.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From July to September 2022, we conducted an online search of all 574 Federally-recognized tribes to determine how many had affiliated SSPs. We downloaded a list of Federally-recognized tribes from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and conducted Boolean searches on Google for the name of each tribe and SSPs. Our searches included several synonyms for SSPs, including \"needle exchange,\" \"syringe exchange,\" and \"harm reduction.\" In instances where \"harm reduction programs\" were identified, we reviewed website contents to determine if the program was inclusive of a SSP. We considered SSPs to be affiliated with Federally-recognized tribe(s) if they were housed in a tribal health clinic or tribal organization, or via an explicit partnership with a Federally-recognized tribe.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 21 SSPs that were affiliated with Federally-recognized tribes. The majority (85.7%) of SSPs were affiliated with a single tribe. Eight of the SSPs also offered medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) on-site (e.g., the SSPs operated out of health clinics that offered MOUD).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this study demonstrate that there are at least 21 SSPs that are affiliated with Federally-recognized tribes in the US, with some serving multiple tribes. This research makes a noteworthy contribution to the public health literature given that no systematic exploration of the number of SSPs affiliated with tribes has been conducted. The scale of substance use inequities among Indigenous people underscores the critical importance of communities implementing and managing their own comprehensive harm reduction programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12922,"journal":{"name":"Harm Reduction Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"143"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12362947/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Tribally-affiliated syringe services programs in the United States: a brief report.\",\"authors\":\"Sean T Allen, Edmund Keane, Clinton Alexander, Sharon Day, Philomena Kebec, Andrea Medley, Frank Johnson, Pam Hughes, Brooklynn Barney, Melissa Walls\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s12954-025-01296-8\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Few studies have examined the implementation of syringe services programs (SSPs) that serve Indigenous people who inject drugs in the United States (US). There are 574 Federally-recognized tribes in the US, each characterized by unique traditions, values, and customs. Given the diversity of tribes, better understanding SSP implementation in Native contexts first requires examining the degree to which tribes in the US implemented these programs.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This research describes the number of SSPs that are affiliated with Federally-recognized tribes in the US.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From July to September 2022, we conducted an online search of all 574 Federally-recognized tribes to determine how many had affiliated SSPs. We downloaded a list of Federally-recognized tribes from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and conducted Boolean searches on Google for the name of each tribe and SSPs. Our searches included several synonyms for SSPs, including \\\"needle exchange,\\\" \\\"syringe exchange,\\\" and \\\"harm reduction.\\\" In instances where \\\"harm reduction programs\\\" were identified, we reviewed website contents to determine if the program was inclusive of a SSP. We considered SSPs to be affiliated with Federally-recognized tribe(s) if they were housed in a tribal health clinic or tribal organization, or via an explicit partnership with a Federally-recognized tribe.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 21 SSPs that were affiliated with Federally-recognized tribes. The majority (85.7%) of SSPs were affiliated with a single tribe. Eight of the SSPs also offered medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) on-site (e.g., the SSPs operated out of health clinics that offered MOUD).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this study demonstrate that there are at least 21 SSPs that are affiliated with Federally-recognized tribes in the US, with some serving multiple tribes. This research makes a noteworthy contribution to the public health literature given that no systematic exploration of the number of SSPs affiliated with tribes has been conducted. The scale of substance use inequities among Indigenous people underscores the critical importance of communities implementing and managing their own comprehensive harm reduction programs.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":12922,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Harm Reduction Journal\",\"volume\":\"22 1\",\"pages\":\"143\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-08-19\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12362947/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Harm Reduction Journal\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"90\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-025-01296-8\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"社会学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"SUBSTANCE ABUSE\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Harm Reduction Journal","FirstCategoryId":"90","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-025-01296-8","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"SUBSTANCE ABUSE","Score":null,"Total":0}
Tribally-affiliated syringe services programs in the United States: a brief report.
Background: Few studies have examined the implementation of syringe services programs (SSPs) that serve Indigenous people who inject drugs in the United States (US). There are 574 Federally-recognized tribes in the US, each characterized by unique traditions, values, and customs. Given the diversity of tribes, better understanding SSP implementation in Native contexts first requires examining the degree to which tribes in the US implemented these programs.
Objective: This research describes the number of SSPs that are affiliated with Federally-recognized tribes in the US.
Methods: From July to September 2022, we conducted an online search of all 574 Federally-recognized tribes to determine how many had affiliated SSPs. We downloaded a list of Federally-recognized tribes from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and conducted Boolean searches on Google for the name of each tribe and SSPs. Our searches included several synonyms for SSPs, including "needle exchange," "syringe exchange," and "harm reduction." In instances where "harm reduction programs" were identified, we reviewed website contents to determine if the program was inclusive of a SSP. We considered SSPs to be affiliated with Federally-recognized tribe(s) if they were housed in a tribal health clinic or tribal organization, or via an explicit partnership with a Federally-recognized tribe.
Results: We identified 21 SSPs that were affiliated with Federally-recognized tribes. The majority (85.7%) of SSPs were affiliated with a single tribe. Eight of the SSPs also offered medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) on-site (e.g., the SSPs operated out of health clinics that offered MOUD).
Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that there are at least 21 SSPs that are affiliated with Federally-recognized tribes in the US, with some serving multiple tribes. This research makes a noteworthy contribution to the public health literature given that no systematic exploration of the number of SSPs affiliated with tribes has been conducted. The scale of substance use inequities among Indigenous people underscores the critical importance of communities implementing and managing their own comprehensive harm reduction programs.
期刊介绍：
Harm Reduction Journal is an Open Access, peer-reviewed, online journal whose focus is on the prevalent patterns of psychoactive drug use, the public policies meant to control them, and the search for effective methods of reducing the adverse medical, public health, and social consequences associated with both drugs and drug policies. We define "harm reduction" as "policies and programs which aim to reduce the health, social, and economic costs of legal and illegal psychoactive drug use without necessarily reducing drug consumption". We are especially interested in studies of the evolving patterns of drug use around the world, their implications for the spread of HIV/AIDS and other blood-borne pathogens.
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