An adaptive geometrical clustering routing protocol (AGCRP) for energy-efficient mobile wireless sensor networks in smart cities

The use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has increased rapidly in recent years as almost everything around us is becoming smart. Many challenges are facing WSNs, and one of them is energy utilization. In most scenarios, sensor nodes (SNs) are battery-powered. Once the battery is exhausted, the SN is treated as a dead node and its coverage area is considered a blind region. Another problem is the mobility of SNs. In many applications, SNs are movable that creates a frequent change in the system’s topology, which may lead to a great reduction in the system’s performance. Building an appropriate routing protocol to handle these problems can significantly increase the system’s performance. An adaptive geometrical clustering routing protocol for mobile WSNs (AGCRP) is introduced. The protocol divides the network into grid cells, each cell has a forwarder cluster head (FCH), a collector cluster head (CCH), and a set of cluster members (CMs). The CCH collects the data from CMs in its cluster and sends it to the FCH. The FCH then sends the data to the main station (MS). The selection of FCHs and CCHs has been done considering parameters such as energy level, distance to the grid center, and average distance relative to CMs. The simulation results show that the suggested method increases the stabilization, lifetime, and throughput of the static environment by about 31%, 34%, and 41% respectively compared with EECRAIFA, and increases the stabilization, and lifetime for the dynamic environment by about 74% and 32% respectively compared with DTC-BR.